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Polar Lipids Analysis of Cultured Phytoplankton Reveals Significant Inter-taxa Changes, Low Influence of Growth Stage, and Usefulness in Chemotaxonomy

  • Microbiology of Aquatic Systems
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Abstract

The high lipid diversity of microalgae has been used to taxonomically differentiate phytoplankton taxa at the class level. However, important lipids such as phospholipids (PL) and betaine lipids (BL) with potential chemotaxonomy application in phytoplankton ecology have been scarcely studied. The chemotaxonomy value of PL and BL depends on their intraspecific extent of variation as microalgae respond to external changing factors. To determine such effects, lipid class changes occurring at different growth stages in 15 microalgae from ten different classes were analyzed. BL occurred in 14 species and were the less affected lipids by growth stage with diacylglyceryl-hydroxymethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-b-alanine (DGTA) showing the highest stability. PL were more influenced by growth stage with phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidyletanolamine (PE) declining towards older culture stages in some species. Glycolipids were the more common lipids, and no evident age-related variability pattern could be associated to taxonomic diversity. Selecting BL and PL as descriptor variables optimally distinguished microalgae taxonomic variability at all growth stages. Principal coordinate analysis arranged species through a main tendency from diacylglyceryl-hydroxymethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-b-alanine (DGCC) containing species (mainly dinoflagellates and haptophytes) to DGTA or PC containing species (mainly cryptophytes). Two diatom classes with similar fatty acid profiles could be distinguished from their respective content in DGTA (Bacillariophyceae) or DGCC (Mediophyceae). In green lineage classes (Trebouxiophyceae, Porphyridophyceae, and Chlorodendrophyceae), PC was a better descriptor than BL. BL and PL explained a higher proportion of microalgae taxonomic variation than did fatty acids and played a complementary role as lipid markers.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by projects “Sustainable and environmentally friendly aquaculture for the Atlantic Region of Europe” (SEAFARE), funded by the European Union Atlantic Area 670 Transnational Programme (2007–2013) through grant no 2009-1/123. I. Hachero-Cruzado was supported by an INIA post-doctoral contract.

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  1. IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Andalusia Research and Training Institute for Fisheries and Agriculture, 11500-El Puerto de Santa Maria, Cádiz, Spain

    José Pedro Cañavate, Isabel Armada & Ismael Hachero-Cruzado

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  1. José Pedro Cañavate
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  2. Isabel Armada
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  3. Ismael Hachero-Cruzado
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Correspondence to José Pedro Cañavate.

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Figure S1

Summary of HPTLC methods employed for lipid class identification in the studied microalgae. (PDF 2346 kb)

Table S1

Sphingolipid (SL) and glycolipids (SQDG, DGDG, MGDG) content (mg g−1 dry weight) of studied microalgae during exponential (E), late exponential (L) and stationary growth phase in culture. nd: non detected lipid class. (DOCX 118 kb)

Table S2

Neutral lipids (ST, TG, MK, EK, SE) content (mg g−1 dry weight) of studied microalgae during exponential (E), late exponential (L) and stationary growth phase in culture. nd: non detected lipid class. (DOCX 121 kb)

Table S3

Fatty acid content (per cent of total fatty acids) of microalgae harvested during late exponential growth. Values are means ± standard deviation (n = 3). (XLSX 53 kb)

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Cañavate, J.P., Armada, I. & Hachero-Cruzado, I. Polar Lipids Analysis of Cultured Phytoplankton Reveals Significant Inter-taxa Changes, Low Influence of Growth Stage, and Usefulness in Chemotaxonomy. Microb Ecol 73, 755–774 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-016-0893-7

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