Abstract
Recently, a nanoscale structuring effect on the wood surface after plasma treatment by diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge was observed. This type of discharge was applied to the treatment of aspen (Populus tremuloides) and thermally modified aspen wood, and the effect of treatment time and distance between the planar electrode and the sample on the formation of nano-structures was investigated. These structures may influence surface properties of wood, which can result in different adhesion strengths, soaking time of liquids and their penetration depth. In this study, the previously proposed mechanism of plasma etching for the formation of these nano-structures was studied. It was also proposed that these structures are composed of lignin. The formed structures were examined by confocal and scanning electron microscopy and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The size of the structures was in the range of 20–100 nm, but no effect on the mean height of the surface was detected, i.e., the microscale surface roughness was unchanged. Increased treatment time influences surface structuring as a result of plasma etching. The optimal gap was found to be around 0.2-0.3 mm for this configuration. Infrared spectra indicated that plasma-treated surfaces exhibited a higher content of aromatic structures present in lignin.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Avramidis G, Klarhöfer L, Maus-Friedrichs W et al (2012) Influence of air plasma treatment at atmospheric pressure on wood extractives. Polym Degrad Stab 97:469–471
Černák M, Černáková L, Hudec I et al (2009) Diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge and its applications for in-line processing of low-added-value materials. Eur Phys J Appl Phys 47:22806. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2009131
Chen H (1989) Effects of low temperature radio-frequency oxygen and nitrogen plasmas on lignocellulosic materials. University of California, Berkeley
Cheng E, Sun X (2006) Effects of wood-surface roughness, adhesive viscosity and processing pressure on adhesion strength. J Adhes Sci Technol 20:997–1017
Faix BO (1991) Classification of lignins from different botanical origins by FT-IR spectroscopy. Holzforschung 45:21–27
Gerullis S, Kretzschmar BS, Pfuch A et al (2018) Influence of atmospheric pressure plasma jet and diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge treatments on wood surface properties: a comparative study. Plasma Process Polym. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201800058
Gonzalez-Pena MM, Curling SF, Hale MDC (2009) On the effect of heat on the chemical composition and dimensions of thermally-modified wood. Polym Degrad Stab 94:2184–2193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.09.003
Hoder T, Šíra M, Kozlov KV, Wagner H-E (2008) Investigation of the coplanar barrier discharge in synthetic air at atmospheric pressure by cross-correlation spectroscopy. J Phys D Appl Phys 41:035212. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/3/035212
Jamali A, Evans PD (2011) Etching of wood surfaces by glow discharge plasma. Wood Sci Technol 45:169–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-010-0317-7
Král P, Ráhel’ J, Stupavská M et al (2015) XPS depth profile of plasma-activated surface of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) and its impact on polyvinyl acetate tensile shear bond strength. Wood Sci Technol 49:319–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-014-0691-7
Lux C, Szalay Z, Beikircher W et al (2013) Investigation of the plasma effects on wood after activation by diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge. Eur J Wood Prod 71:539–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-013-0706-3
Nguyen TT, Ji X, Van Nguyen TH, Guo M (2017) Wettability modification of heat-treated wood (HTW) via cold atmospheric-pressure nitrogen plasma jet (APPJ). Holzforschung 72:37–43. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2017-0004
Nuopponen M, Vuorinen T, Jamsa S, Viitaniemi P (2003a) The effects of a heat treatment on the behaviour of extractives in softwood studied by FTIR spectroscopic methods. Wood Sci Technol 37:109–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-003-0178-4
Nuopponen M, Wikberg H, Vuorinen T, Maunu SL (2003b) Heat-treated softwood exposed to weathering. J Appl Polym Sci 91:2128–2134
Nuopponen M, Vuorinen T, Jämsä S, Viitaniemi P (2007) Thermal modifications in softwood studied by FT-IR and UV resonance raman spectroscopies. J Wood Chem Technol 24:13–26. https://doi.org/10.1081/WCT-120035941
Odrášková M, Ráhel’ J, Zahoranová A et al (2008) Plasma activation of wood surface by diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 28:203–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-007-9117-8
Özgenç Ö, Durmaz S, Hakki I, Eksi-kocak H (2017) Determination of chemical changes in heat-treated wood using ATR-FTIR and FT Raman spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 171:395–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2016.08.026
Stehr M, Johansson I (2000) Weak boundary layers on wood surfaces. J Adhes Sci Technol 14:1211–1224. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856100742168
Stepanova V, Kelar J, Galmiz O et al (2017) Areal homogeneity verification of plasma generated by diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge in ambient air at atmospheric pressure. Contrib Plasma Phys. https://doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.201600093
Talviste R, Galmiz O, Stupavská M et al (2019) Effect of DCSBD plasma treatment on surface properties of thermally modified wood. Surf Interfaces 16:8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2019.04.005
Tino L, Smatko R (2014) Wood and fiber science. Wood Fiber Sci 46:459–464
Wexler A, Hasegawa S (1954) Relative humidity–temperature relationships of some saturated salt solutions in the temperature range 0 to 50 °C. J Res Natl Bur Stand 53:19–26. https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.053.003
Xie L, Tang Z, Jiang L et al (2015) Creation of superhydrophobic wood surfaces by plasma etching and thin-film deposition. Surf Coat Technol 281:125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.09.052
Zigon J, Petric M, Dahle S (2018) Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials in air at atmospheric pressure for their improved wettability: a literature review. Holzforschung 72:979–991. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2017-0207
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the project LO1411 (NPU I) funded by Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of Czech Republic and the Estonian Research Council (Grant No. PUTJD732).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Galmiz, O., Talviste, R., Panáček, R. et al. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma facilitated nano-structuring of thermally modified wood. Wood Sci Technol 53, 1339–1352 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-019-01128-6
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-019-01128-6