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Opioid withdrawal: role in addiction and neural mechanisms

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Abstract

Withdrawal from opioids involves a negative affective state that promotes maintenance of drug-seeking behavior and relapse. As such, understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying withdrawal from opioid drugs is critical as scientists and clinicians seek to develop new treatments and therapies. In this review, we focus on the neural systems known to mediate the affective and somatic signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal, including the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, basolateral amygdala, extended amygdala, and brain and hormonal stress systems. Evidence from preclinical studies suggests that these systems are altered following opioid exposure and that these changes mediate behavioral signs of negative affect such as aversion and anxiety during withdrawal. Adaptations in these systems also parallel the behavioral and psychological features of opioid use disorder (OUD), highlighting the important role of withdrawal in the development of addictive behavior. Implications for relapse and treatment are discussed as well as promising avenues for future research, with the hope of promoting continued progress toward characterizing neural contributors to opioid withdrawal and compulsive opioid use.

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Funding

This work was supported by the NIH grants R15 AA027915 (AKR).

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  1. Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, 90 N Patterson Ave, Oxford, OH, USA

    Sean C. Monroe & Anna K. Radke

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  1. Sean C. Monroe
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Correspondence to Anna K. Radke.

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Monroe, S.C., Radke, A.K. Opioid withdrawal: role in addiction and neural mechanisms. Psychopharmacology 240, 1417–1433 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-023-06370-2

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