Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a chronic and progressive systemic condition that characterizes irreversible alterations in the kidneys’ function and structure over an extended period, spanning months to years. CKD is the one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. However, very limited treatment options are available in the market for management of the CKD. Diabetes and hypertension are the key risk factors for the progression of CKD. It is majorly characterised by glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. Plants are considered safe and effective in treating various chronic conditions. A diverse group of phytoconstituents, including polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and terpenes, have found significant benefits in managing chronic ailments. Terpenes constitute a diverse group of plant compounds with various therapeutic benefits. Evidence-based pharmacological studies underscore the crucial role played by terpenes in preventing and managing CKD. These substances demonstrate the capacity to hinder detrimental pathways, such as oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis, thereby demonstrating benefit in renal dysfunction. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the roles and positive attributes of commonly occurring terpenes in managing the causes and risk factors of CKD and the associated conditions.
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Data availability
No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
Abbreviations
- CKD:
-
Chronic kidney disease
- eGFR:
-
Estimated glomerular filtration rate
- ACE-I:
-
Angiotensin converting enzyme-I
- ARB:
-
Angiotensin receptor blockers
- SGLT:
-
Sodium glucose co transporter
- SNGFR:
-
The single-nephron glomerular filtration rate
- GBM:
-
Glomerular basement membrane
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- DM:
-
Diabetes mellitus
- T2DM:
-
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TNF-α:
-
Tumour necrosis factor alpha
- IL-1α:
-
Interleukin-1 alpha
- COX:
-
Cyclooxygenase
- LOX:
-
Lysyl oxidase
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- ICAM-1:
-
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- iNOS:
-
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- DN:
-
Diabetic nephropathy
- db/db mice:
-
Diabetic mouse
- NLRP-3:
-
Nucleotide-binding domain, Leucine-rich–containing family, Pyrin domain–containing-3
- AMPK:
-
Activated protein kinase
- HK-2:
-
Human kidney-2
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- CCR2:
-
C chemokine receptor type 2
- STZ:
-
Streptozotocin
- GN:
-
Glomerulonephritis
- ENRD:
-
End-stage renal disease
- FSGS:
-
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- IgAN:
-
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy
- HN:
-
Hypertensive nephropathy
- LN:
-
Lupus nephritis
- SLE:
-
Systemic lupus erythematosus
- MRL mice:
-
Murphy Roths large mice
- AKI:
-
Acute kidney injury
- ARF:
-
Acute renal failure
- BUN:
-
Blood urea nitrogen
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Amisha Vora, and Piyusha Kulkarni visualized the presented idea. Amisha Vora supervised the project. Piyusha Kulkarni, Pranali Yeram contributed in doing literature searches and prepared manuscript draft. Amisha Vora revised and approved the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors confirm that no paper mill and artificial intelligence was used.
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Kulkarni, P., Yeram, P.B. & Vora, A. Terpenes in the management of chronic kidney disease. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024-03098-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024-03098-4