Abstract
The workpiece surface obtains the fine machining during the grinding as well as the impacting effect of grinding wheel, which causes the changing of its hardness. In order to predict the hardness of structural steel workpiece after grinding, the paper established an approximate hardness model of workpiece after grinding by establishing a calculating method for the cooling condition, the model of grinding strain, and the correlation between the equivalent strain and hardness. The hardness value and distribution of hardness field of grinding were predicted by the method with accuracy relatively. The variation and influencing mechanism of hardness along with grinding parameters were studied. And dynamic hardness field of the model revealed the dynamic recovery and recrystallization during grinding. A grinding experiment verified the accuracy of the model approximately.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Singh N, Dar AA, Kumar A (2018) A simple and efficient approach for the synthesis of 1,3-oxazolidines from beta-amino alcohols using grinding technique. Chemistryselect 3(48):13675–13681
Li CH, Zhang XW, Zhang Q, Wang S, Zhang DK, Jia DZ, Zhang YB (2014) Modeling and simulation of useful fluid flow rate in grinding. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 75(9–12):1587–1604
Chen SY, Zhang T, Shao M (2017) Interpolation optimization for robotic grinding with velocity constraints. Adv Mech Eng 9(12):1–16
Thanedar A, Dongre GG, Singh R, Joshi SS (2017) Surface integrity investigation including grinding burns using barkhausen noise (BNA). J Manuf Process 30:226–240
Liu MH, Zhang K, Xiu SC (2017) Mechanism investigation of hardening layer hardness uniformity based on grind-hardening process. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 88(9–12):3185–3194
Wu YT, Zhang L, Ge PQ, Gao YF (2018) Experimental study of rectangular groove texture in the surface of photovoltaic silicon with diamond coated micro-milling tools. Mat Sci Semicond Process 86:23–35
Menenzes P, Kallas S, Lovell M (2011) Role of surface texture, roughness and hardness on friction during unidirectional sliding. Tribol Lett 41(1):1–15
Su H, Yang CY, Gao SW, Fu YC, Ding WF (2019) A predictive model on surface roughness during internal traverse grinding of small holes. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 103(5–8):2069–2077
Jia DZ, Li CH, Zhang YB, Yang M, Zhang XP, Li RZ, Ji HJ (2019) Experimental evaluation of surface topographies of NMQL grinding ZrO2 ceramics combining multiangle ultrasonic vibration. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 100(1–4):457–473
Mao C, Liang C, Zhang YC, Zhang MJ, Hu YL, Bi ZM (2017) Grinding characteristics of cBN-WC-10Co composites. Ceram Int 43:16539–16547
Wu ML, Ren CZ, Zhang KF (2015) ELID groove grinding of ball-bearing raceway and the accuracy durability of the grinding wheel. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 79(9–12):1721–1731
Mao C, Ren YH, Gan HY, Zhang MJ, Zhang J, Tang K (2015) Microstructure and mechanical properties of CBN-WC-Co composites used for cutting tools. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 76(9–12):2043–2049
Salonitis K (2017) A hybrid cellular automata-finite element model for the simulation of the grind-hardening process. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 93(9–12):4007–4013
Alonso U, Ortega N, Sanchez JA, Pombo I, Izquierdo B, Plaza S (2015) Hardness control of grind-hardening and finishing grinding by means of area-based specific energy. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 88:24–33
Shi XL, Xiu SC, Dong L (2018) Study of PSHG and its integrated hardening model of hardening layer. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 95(5–8):2529–2541
Shi XL, Xiu SC, Zhang XM, Wang YS (2017) A study of PSHG and its characteristic mechanism of residual stress within a hardened layer. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 88(1–4):863–877
Salonitis K, Kolios A (2015) Experimental and numerical study of grind-hardening-induced residual stresses on AISI 1045 steel. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 79(9–12):1443–1452
Jajarmi E, Sajjadi SA, Mohebbi J (2019) Predicting the relative density and hardness of 3YPSZ/316L composites using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and support vector regression models. Measurement 145:472–479
Alshabib A, Silikas N, Watts DC (2019) Hardness and fracture toughness of resin-composite materials with and without fibers. Dent Mater 35(8):1194–1203
Kim H, Lee SM, Altan T (1996) Prediction of hardness distribution in cold backward extruded cups. J Mater Process Technol 59(1–2):113–121
Petruska J, Janicek L (2003) On the evaluation of strain inhomogeneity by hardness measurement of formed products. J Mater Process Technol 143(SI):113–121
Tumer H, Snmez FO (2009) Optimum shape design of die and preform for improved hardness distribution in cold forged parts. J Mater Process Technol 209(3):1538–1549
Ruminski M, Luksza J, Kusiak J, Packo M (1998) Analysis of the effect of die shape on the distribution of mechanical properties and strain field in the tube sinking process. J Mater Process Technol 80-1:683–689
Branch NA, Subhash G, Arakere NK, Klecka MA (2010) Material-dependent representative plastic strain for the prediction of indentation hardness. Acta Mater 58(19):6487–6494
Guo C, Wu Y, Varghese V, Malkin S (1999) Temperatures and energy partition for grinding with vitrified CBN wheels. Ann CIRP 48:247–250
Jaeger JC (1942) Theoretical analysis on grinding temperature field. Proc Soc of New South Walcs 76:1–10
Evans A, Kim SB, Shackleton J, Bruno G, Preuss M, Withers PJ (2005) Relaxation of residual stress in shot peened Udimet 720Li under high temperature isothermal fatigue. Int J Fatigue 27(10–12):1530–1534
Sonmez FO, Demir A (2007) Analytical relations between hardness and strain for cold formed parts. J Mater Process Technol 186(1–3):163–173
Malyar NV, Grabowski B, Dehm G, Kirchlechner C (2018) Dislocation slip transmission through a coherent Sigma 3{111} copper twin boundary: strain rate sensitivity, activation volume and strength distribution function. Acta Mater 161:412–419
Su JH, Sun H, Ren FZ, Chen XW (2019) Dislocation evolution analysis of hot compressively deformed TA10 titanium alloy based on XRD. J Harbin Eng Univ 40(2):406–411
Yang M, Li CH, Zhang YB, Jia DZ, Li RZ, Hou YL, Cao HJ (2019) Effect of friction coefficient on chip thickness models in ductile-regime grinding of zirconia ceramics. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 102(5–8):2617–2632
Anan PSP, Arunachalam N, Vijayaraghavan L (2018) Effect of grinding on subsurface modifications of pre-sintered zirconia under different cooling and lubrication conditions. J Mech Behav Biomed 86:122–130
Zhang MJ, Tan Y, Zhou FJ, Mao C, Xie ZZ, Li CH (2017) Analysis of flow field in cutting zone for spiral orderly distributed fiber tool. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 92(9–12):4345–4354
Mao C, Zhang MJ, Zhang J, Tang K, Gan HY, Zhang GF (2015) The effect of processing parameters on the performance of spark plasma sintered cBN-WC-Co composites. J Mater Eng Perform 24(12):4612–4619
Zeng QH, Luan BF, Wang YH, Zhang XY, Liu RP, Murty KL, Liu Q (2018) Effect of initial orientation on dynamic recrystallization of a zirconium alloy during hot deformation. Mater Charact 145:444–453
Lieou CKC, Bronkhorst CA (2018) Dynamic recrystallization in adiabatic shear banding: effective-temperature model and comparison to experiments in ultrafine-grained titanium. Int J Plast 111:107–121
Funding
This paper is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant No. N170303012) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51775101).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shi, X., Xiu, S. Study on the hardness model of grinding for structural steel. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 106, 3563–3573 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04787-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04787-8