Skip to main content

Unplugging Math: Integrating Computational Thinking into Mathematics Education Through Poly-Universe

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Smart Learning Ecosystems as Engines of the Green and Digital Transition (SLERD 2023)

Abstract

How to teach CT skills and the quality of students’ understanding of CT are research issues we need to address. In this study, an unplugged programming activity was designed, developed, and implemented. The results were evaluated to serve as an example of how CT can be integrated into mathematics education. We used the Poly-Universe educational game to design an unplugged programming activity. Then we used it to develop pre-service teachers’ CT skills and investigate their opinions about using this game in their future teaching. This game serves as an additional tool that can be employed to integrate CT and mathematics education creatively and engagingly. In this study, we investigate the possibilities of using this game to develop the pre-service teachers’ CT skills and explore their opinion about using it in their future teaching. This study is modeled by a Type 1 instructional product design and development study. Twenty-two pre-service mathematics teachers participated in this study. The study was conducted in four phases: explanation of the game, theoretical CT, practical CT, and pre-service teachers as task creators. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that the participants found the activity interesting, enjoyable, and useful for teaching. It was also found that the activity promoted collaboration and increased pre-service teachers’ confidence in problem-solving. The study provides insight into using unplugged programming and the Poly-Universe game to integrate CT principles into mathematics education.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Acevedo-Borrega, J., Valverde-Berrocoso, J., Garrido-Arroyo, M., del C.: Computational thinking and educational technology: a scoping review of the literature. Educ. Sci. 12(1), 39 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12010039

  2. Aho, A.V.: Computation and computational thinking. Comput. J. 55(7), 832–835 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxs074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Aranda, G., Ferguson, J.P.: Unplugged Programming: The future of teaching computational thinking? Pedagogika 68(3) (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Barr, V., Stephenson, C.: Bringing computational thinking to K-12: what is Involved and what is the role of the computer science education community? ACM Inroads 2(1), 48–54 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1145/1929887.1929905

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bocconi, S., Chioccariello, A., Dettori, G., Ferrari, A., Engelhardt, K.: Developing Computational Thinking in Compulsory Education—Implications for Policy and Practice (2016). https://doi.org/10.2791/792158

  6. Curi, M.E., Noguera, P., Vidal, L., Villalba, S.: Pensamiento Computacional + Matemática. Numeración. Ceibal (2022). https://bibliotecapais.ceibal.edu.uy/info/00019701?locale=es

  7. Curzon, P., McOwan, P.W., Plant, N., Meagher, L. R.: Introducing teachers to computational thinking using unplugged storytelling. In: Proceedings of the 9th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education, pp. 89–92 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Denning, P.J.: Remaining trouble spots with computational thinking. Commun. ACM 60(6), 33–39 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Ezeamuzie, N.O., Leung, J.S.C.: Computational thinking through an empirical lens: a systematic review of literature. J. Educ. Comput. Res. 60(2), 481–511 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331211033158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Fagerlund, J., Häkkinen, P., Vesisenaho, M., Viiri, J.: Computational thinking in programming with Scratch in primary schools: a systematic review. Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. 29(1), 12–28 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Falloon, G.: An analysis of young students’ thinking when completing basic coding tasks using Scratch Jnr. On the iPad: General thinking and computational work. J. Comput. Assist. Learn. 32(6), 576–593 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12155

  12. Gerson, S.A., Morey, R.D., van Schaik, J.E.: Coding in the cot? Factors influencing 0–17s’ experiences with technology and coding in the United Kingdom. Comput. Educ. 178, 104400 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hershkovitz, A., Sitman, R., Israel-Fishelson, R., Eguíluz, A., Garaizar, P., Guenaga, M.: Creativity in the acquisition of computational thinking. Interact. Learn. Environ. 27(5–6), 628–644 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hickmott, D., Prieto-Rodriguez, E., Holmes, K.: A scoping review of studies on computational thinking in K–12 mathematics classrooms. Digit. Exp. Math. Educ. 4, 48–69 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Huang, W., Looi, C.K.: A critical review of literature on “unplugged” pedagogies in K-12 computer science and computational thinking education. Comput. Sci. Educ. 31(1), 83–111 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Huang, W., Chan, S.W., Looi, C.K.: Frame shifting as a challenge to integrating computational thinking in secondary mathematics education. In: Proceedings of the 52nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 390–396 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  17. International Society for Teacher Education [ISTE] (2016). ISTE standards for students. https://www.iste.org/standards/for-students

  18. Kaleli̇oğlu, F., Gülbahar, Y., Kukul, V.: A framework for computational thinking based on a systematic research review. Baltic J. Modern Comput. 4(3), 583–596 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kallia, M., van Borkulo, S.P., Drijvers, P., Barendsen, E., Tolboom, J.: Characterising computational thinking in mathematics education: a literature-informed Delphi study. Res. Math. Educ. 23(2), 159–187 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/14794802.2020.1852104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kotsopoulos, D., Floyd, L., Khan, S., Namukasa, I.K., Somanath, S., Weber, J., & Yiu, C.: A pedagogical framework for computational thinking. Digital experiences in math. educ. 3, 154–171 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Mouro, A.P., Margarida, C.B., Graça Lopes, M., Piedade, V.: Bringing together mathematics and philosophy with logic and poly-universe. Educ. Sci. 13(4), 356 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Moursund, D.G.: Computational thinking and math maturity: Improving math education in K-8 schools. D. Moursund (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Mumcu, F., Uslu, N.A., Yıldız, B.: Teacher development in integrated STEM education: design of lesson plans through the lens of computational thinking. Educ. Inf. Technol. 28(3), 3443–3474 (2023)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Niemelä, P., Partanen, T., Harsu, M., Leppänen, L., Ihantola, P.: Computational thinking as an emergent learning trajectory of mathematics. In: Proceedings of the 17th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research, pp. 70–79 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1145/3141880.3141885

  25. Nordby, S.K., Bjerke, A.H., Mifsud, L.: Computational thinking in the primary mathematics classroom: a systematic review. Digit. Exp. Math. Educ. 8(1), 27–49 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40751-022-00102-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Papert, S.: Mindstorms: Children, computers, and Powerful Ideas. Basic Books (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Papert, S.: An exploration in the space of mathematics educations. Int. J. Comput. Math. Learn. 1(1), 95–123 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Resnick, M., Maloney, J., Monroy-Hernández, A., Rusk, N., Eastmond, E., Brennan, K., Millner, A., Rosenbaum, E., Silver, J., Silverman, B., Kafai, Y.: Scratch: programming for all. Commun. ACM 52(11), 60–67 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1145/1592761.1592779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Richey, R.C., Klein, J.D.: Developmental research methods: creating knowledge from instructional design and development practice. J. Comput. High. Educ. 16(2), 23 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Richey, R.C., Klein, J.D.: Design and development research. In: Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, pp. 141–150 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Saxon, J.S.: Poly-universe in school education. PUSE (2018). Available at: http://www.poly-universe.com/. Accessed 6 Dec 2022

  32. Schmidthaler, E., Schalk, M., Schmollmüller, M., Hinterplattner, S., Hörmann, C., Anđić, B., Rottenhofer, M., Lavicza, Z., Sabitzer, B.: The interdisciplinary implementation of poly-universe to promote computational thinking: teaching examples from biological, physical, and digital education in Austrian secondary schools. Front. Psychol. 14(1), 1–16) (2023). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1139884

  33. Schmidthaler, E., Schalk, M., Schmollmüller, M., Sabitzer, B., Andjic, B., Lavicza, Z.: The effects of using poly-universe on computational thinking in biology and physical education. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Education Technology and Computers, pp. 24–31 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3572549.3572554

  34. Seow, P., Looi, C.-K., How, M.-L., Wadhwa, B., Wu, L.-K.: Educational policy and implementation of computational thinking and programming: case study of Singapore. In: Kong, S.-C., Abelson, H. (eds.) Computational Thinking Education, pp. 345–361. Springer, Singapore (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6528-7_19

  35. Stamatios, P.: Can preschoolers learn computational thinking and coding skills with ScratchJr? a systematic literature review. Int. J. Educ. Reform 105678792210760 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1177/10567879221076077

  36. Stettner, E., Emese, G.: Teaching combinatorics with “Poly-Universe”. In: Proceedings of Bridges 2016: Mathematics, Music, Art, Architecture, Education, Culture, pp. 553–556 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Sun, L., Hu, L., Zhou, D.: Improving 7th-graders’ computational thinking skills through unplugged programming activities: a study on the influence of multiple factors. Think. Ski. Creat. 42, 100926 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Tang, X., Yin, Y., Lin, Q., Hadad, R., Zhai, X.: Assessing computational thinking: a systematic review of empirical studies. Comput. Educ. 148, 103798 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Tekdal, M.: Trends and development in research on computational thinking. Educ. Inf. Technol. 26(5), 6499–6529 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10617-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Téglási, I.: Motivation and development–using poly-universe game in teaching mathematics and other school subjects. Athens J. Sci. 177 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Weigend, M.: Computer science unplugged and the benefits of computational thinking. Constr. Found. 14(3), 352–353 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Weintrop, D., Beheshti, E., Horn, M., Orton, K., Jona, K., Trouille, L., Wilensky, U.: Defining computational thinking for mathematics and science classrooms. J. Sci. Educ. Technol. 25(1), 127–147 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-015-9581-5

  43. Wing, J.M.: Computational thinking. Commun. ACM 49(3), 33–35 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1145/1118178.1118215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Wing, J.: Research notebook: computational thinking—what and why. Link Mag. 6, 20–23 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Filiz Mumcu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Anđić, B., Mumcu, F., Tejera, M., Schmidthaler, E., Lavicza, Z. (2023). Unplugging Math: Integrating Computational Thinking into Mathematics Education Through Poly-Universe. In: Dascalu, M., Mealha, Ó., Virkus, S. (eds) Smart Learning Ecosystems as Engines of the Green and Digital Transition. SLERD 2023. Advances in Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5540-4_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics