Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are released from range of consumer products into environment during their production, use or end-of-life. ENMs from direct discharges, waste water effluents, solid wastes, or accidental spillages can be transported to soil/water by wind or rainwater runoff. Hence, soil/water becomes an important environmental sink for ENM’s disposal. ENMs have potential impact on agriculture. ENM’s accumulation in land could lead to soil contamination. The ENMs originate from metal–organic frameworks, nanostructured thin films, nanoclay composites, graphene-based nanomaterials, semiconductor materials, metal oxides, carbonaceous nanomaterials, nanopolymers, and quantum dots. Transport and retention of ENMs in soil, water, or air are greatly influenced by environmental conditions (pH, temperature, porosity, composition, organic and inorganic colloids, ionic strength, multiple dynamic interactions, and texture), ENM’s properties (particle size, surface coating, surface area, morphology, zeta potential, colloidal stability, and types of ENM), and existence of co-contaminants. The ENMs aggregate with other materials in environment transforms to secondary products. Exposure to metal-based ENMs to plants at low concentrations (<100 mg/kg) resulted in beneficial effects, such as disease suppression capabilities and biofortification, whereas exposure of ENMs at high concentrations (>500 mg/kg) pose destructive effects. The comprehensive literature survey results indicate the existence of significant knowledge gaps associated with discharged ENM’s fate, behavior, transport, and transformation in the environment. This chapter provides in-depth discussion on present phase of knowledge on accumulation, fate, and effects of ENMs in soil, water, and air. The acknowledgment about dormant desirability and critical effects of ENMs is essential to gain advancements in the future.
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Kokilavani, S., Janani, B., Balasurya, S., Khan, S.S. (2023). Accumulation of Engineered Nanomaterials in Soil, Water, and Air. In: Fernandez-Luqueno, F., Patra, J.K. (eds) Agricultural and Environmental Nanotechnology. Interdisciplinary Biotechnological Advances. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5454-2_21
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