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Geochemical Characteristics of Mineral Elements: Arsenic, Fluorine, Lead, Nitrogen, and Carbon

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Structure and Functions of Pedosphere

Abstract

Arsenic, lead, fluorine, nitrogen, and carbon are common in the near-surface environment, but their concentrations in water, solids, and biota are highly variable. The distribution of As, Pb, F, N, and C in the environment is dependent on source, mineralogy, speciation, biological interactions, and geochemical controls. The As minerals interact with environment, and this renders either their dissolution or the formation of secondary minerals, or both. The distribution of the environmental arsenic is determined by the biogeochemical transformations with respect to the redox conditions, the pH, the availability of ions, the adsorption–desorption, dissolution, and the biological activity. The biological transformation and cycling of As can lead to oxidation or reduction of species that mobilize As. Besides, a significant proportion of As can also be remobilized from the soils through the process of anion exchange. Large variations can be observed on all spatial scales influenced by a variety of natural processes including nongeological influences such as climate and vegetation. Continental weathering of bedrocks contributes natural Pb to sediments, while mining and refining of Pb-bearing ores, which are subsequently used for industrial Pb applications, supply anthropogenic Pb to the environment. Lead geochemistry of rivers and costal environments plays a significant role in the biogeochemical cycling of Pb and pollutant delivery at the land–sea interface. Fluorine is ubiquitous in the environment with most deriving from natural sources, these being normal weathering processes resulting in F release from rocks and minerals, volcanic activity, and marine aerosol emission, together with biomass burning, being in part natural. However, there are several sources of anthropogenically derived F, which in some areas represent a threat to the biosphere. Together with carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, nitrogen is one of the four most common elements in living cells and an essential constituent of proteins and nucleic acids, the two groups of substances that can be said to support life. The important nitrogen pools are soil organic matter, rocks (in fact the largest single pool), sediments, coal deposits, organic matter in ocean water, and nitrate in ocean water. The next most common gaseous form of nitrogen in the atmosphere after molecular nitrogen is dinitrogen oxide. The geochemistry of carbon is the transformations involving the element carbon within the systems of the earth. Carbon is important in the formation of organic mineral deposits, such as coal, petroleum, or natural gas. Most carbon is cycled through the atmosphere into living organisms and then respires back into the atmosphere. Carbon can form a huge variety of stable compound. It is an essential component of living matter. Carbon makes up only 0.08% of the combination of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Institute of Agricultural Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Sanjib Kar

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  1. Sanjib Kar
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

    Bhoopander Giri

  2. Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

    Rupam Kapoor

  3. College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China

    Qiang-Sheng Wu

  4. Amity Institute of Microbial Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ajit Varma

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Kar, S. (2022). Geochemical Characteristics of Mineral Elements: Arsenic, Fluorine, Lead, Nitrogen, and Carbon. In: Giri, B., Kapoor, R., Wu, QS., Varma, A. (eds) Structure and Functions of Pedosphere. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8770-9_10

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