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Preparation and Application of Chitosan-Based Membrane: Focusing on Dye Removal

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Membrane Based Methods for Dye Containing Wastewater

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Abstract

Water pollution is caused by the direct discharge of harmful dyes into the environment and is a major global problem. Dyes if present in the water can be toxic to the aquatic organisms and humans. Dyes are recalcitrant in nature, and they can resist attack by heat, light, and microorganisms. Hence, most of the reactive dyes are non-biodegradable and their removal from the aqueous solution is very difficult, and therefore, a necessary measure must be applied in order to tackle the existence of the water pollution problem. Adsorption is a well-known technology that is adopted in the academia and industries for removal of dyes from solution. The adsorption of dyes on adsorbents is a simple and economical procedure that is widely used for large and small-scale removal of dyes. In the current chapter, we reviewed the extraction of chitin from the shells of marine animals, the preparation of chitosan by deacetylation reaction, structure and properties of the chitosan biopolymer. Chitosan films could be prepared by casting technology via dissolution of chitosan in a suitable solvent followed by simple evaporation technique. The chapter highlights that chitosan films have superior physicochemical characteristics than raw chitosan biopolymer; the mechanical strength of reported chitosan films might be as high as 28 MPa. Among the different chitosan films, this chapter has comprehensively presented the discussion on preparation, characterization, and dye removal application of various classes of chitosan composite membranes. The tensile strength of chitosan composite film could reach 35 MPa approximately, thus suggesting the composite films based on chitosan could be considered as good adsorbents for dye removals from water. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of the reviewed composite film could reach 655 mg g−1, but comparatively lower than Qmax of chitosan-magnetic cyclodextrin composite by a mammoth difference of 2125 mg g−1. Both of the chitosan-based composites are recyclable through multiple adsorption–desorption cycles. Despite the good adsorption and regeneration and reuse capabilities of chitosan-based composite films, and in order to enhance their dye removal capacities, the present chapter has strongly recommended further works to explore more of magnetic chitosan-based composite membranes with superior adsorptive behaviors for consideration of future practical dye removal application from wastewater. Finally, the characterizations of such adsorbent systems should be comprehensively investigated before and after dye removal to understand the details on mechanism of the removal of dyes from water.

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Abbreviations

AC:

Activated carbon

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

AR:

Acid red dye

AO:

Acid orange dye

BET:

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller

[Bmim] Ac:

1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate

BO:

Bezactive Orange

BY:

Brilliant yellow

CA:

Cellulose acetate

CD:

Cyclodextrin

Ce:

Equilibrium dye concentration (mg L−1)

CNF:

Cellulose nanofiber

Co:

Initial dye concentration (mg L−1)

CSB:

Chitosan/saponin-bentonite composite

CR:

Congo red

Da or u:

Dalton atomic unit

DD:

Degree of deacetylation

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

[EMIM] AC:

1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate

FD&C:

Food, drugs & cosmetics

FTIR:

Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy

GO:

Graphene oxide

ILs:

Ionic liquids

IR:

Infrared radiation

K:

Kelvin

Kc:

Equilibrium constant

KL:

Langmuir constant (L g−1)

LCTS:

Low molecular weight chitosan

MB:

Methylene blue dye

MG:

Malachite green dye

MgO:

Magnesium oxide

MMT:

Montmorillonite

MO:

Methyl orange

MPa:

Megapascals

MWCNTs:

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

MW:

Molecular weight (g mol−1)

PAA:

Polyacrylic acid

PEG:

Poly (ethylene glycol)

PZC:

Point of zero charge

Qe:

Equilibrium adsorption capacity (mg g−1)

Qmax:

Maximum or monolayer adsorption capacity (mg g−1)

R:

Molar gas constant (J mol−1 K−1)

RB:

Reactive blue

RL:

Separation factor (dimensionless)

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

T:

Absolute temperature (Kelvin)

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TiO2:

Titanium dioxide

USD:

United State Dollars

W:

Weight (gram)

XRD:

X-ray Diffraction Analysis

ZnO:

Zinc oxide

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Acknowledgements

I sincerely acknowledged the kind supports received from our research members. In particular, I am thankful to Dr. Geeta Durga for her special encouragement and kind support for a successful compilation of this chapter book. Both Dr. Geeta Durga and Prof. Anuradha Mishra have given significant contribution in the course of completing the present task.

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  1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201306, India

    Abubakar Hamisu Mijinyawa & Geeta Durga

  2. Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Vocational Studies and Applied Sciences, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, 201312, India

    Anuradha Mishra

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  1. Abubakar Hamisu Mijinyawa
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Correspondence to Geeta Durga .

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  1. Head of Sustainability, SgT and API, Kowloon, Hong Kong

    Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu

  2. Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Khadir

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Mijinyawa, A.H., Durga, G., Mishra, A. (2022). Preparation and Application of Chitosan-Based Membrane: Focusing on Dye Removal. In: Muthu, S.S., Khadir, A. (eds) Membrane Based Methods for Dye Containing Wastewater. Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4823-6_6

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