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Biorefining of Lignin Wastes: Modularized Production of Value-Added Compounds

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Microbial Biotechnology for Renewable and Sustainable Energy

Part of the book series: Clean Energy Production Technologies ((CEPT))

Abstract

Lignin, an aromatic polymer present in lignocellulosic biomasses, is conventionally viewed as a waste by-product of the pulp, paper, and other industries that use plant biomass as feedstocks. More recently, lignin has been reported as a renewable feedstock whose valorization generates several renewable aromatic intermediates, which can be used as carbon sources to synthesize other value-added chemicals, polymers, fuels, and other oxidized products. In this endeavor, the lignin’s recalcitrance, complex structure, and heterogeneity are major impediments that not only make microbial depolymerization exceptionally challenging but also generate phenolic compounds which inhibit microbial fermentation. Furthermore, during lignin’s breakdown, a heterogeneous complex mixture of low-molecular-weight aromatic monomers is released, representing additional hurdles when striving to recover the desired compound selectively. Nevertheless, in nature, some microorganisms are competent to funnel the heterogeneous stream of central aromatic intermediates into a single, pure compound. Centered on lignin, this chapter starts with a generalized description of the structure and types of commercially available lignin (e.g., lignosulphonates or sulfonated lignin, kraft lignin, soda lignin, organosolv lignin, and biorefinery lignin). Next, the slate of aromatic intermediatory compounds formed down the lignin-degrading β-ketoadipate pathway is briefly presented. Finally, this chapter summarizes few case studies related to the production of a high value-added chemical, vanillin, and a biopolymer, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), using lignin or its derivatives.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge support from the CNAM-Bio-Center and the South Dakota Governor’s Office of Economic Development. The authors also gratefully acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation (Award #1736255, #1849206, and #1920954) and the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at the South Dakota Mines.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota Mines, Rapid City, SD, USA

    Tanvi Govil, Magan Vaughn, David R. Salem & Rajesh K Sani

  2. Composite and Nanocomposite Advanced Manufacturing—Biomaterials Center, Rapid City, SD, USA

    Tanvi Govil, David R. Salem & Rajesh K Sani

  3. Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, South Dakota Mines, Rapid City, SD, USA

    David R. Salem

  4. Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Health Sciences, South Dakota Mines, Rapid City, SD, USA

    Rajesh K Sani

  5. BuG ReMeDEE Consortium, Rapid City, SD, USA

    Rajesh K Sani

Authors
  1. Tanvi Govil
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  2. Magan Vaughn
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  3. David R. Salem
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  4. Rajesh K Sani
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to David R. Salem or Rajesh K Sani .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India

    Jitendra Kumar Saini

  2. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA

    Rajesh K Sani

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Govil, T., Vaughn, M., Salem, D.R., Sani, R.K. (2022). Biorefining of Lignin Wastes: Modularized Production of Value-Added Compounds. In: Saini, J.K., Sani, R.K. (eds) Microbial Biotechnology for Renewable and Sustainable Energy. Clean Energy Production Technologies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3852-7_6

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