Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Microbial and Enzymatic Bioconversion of Tannery Wastes: Progress Toward a Circular Economy in the Leather Industry

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biotechnology for Sustainable Environment

  • 1045 Accesses

Abstract

Leather industry has been considered as one of the most highly polluting industries, because of the generation of solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes containing organic and inorganic matters. During leather processing, huge amounts of untanned and tanned solid wastes are discarded. Nearly 800 kg of solid wastes are generated while production of only 200 kg of finished leather. Generally, 90% of water used in leather manufacturing is generating as wastewaters rich in toxic and hazardous compounds. However, these wastes accumulates in nature and contributes to a global pollution over the years. For this reason, the tannery sector needs to implement new greener strategies and solutions to provide a cleaner, more sustainable and more competitive industry. This chapter discusses the possible solutions for utilizing and bioconverting leather industry wastes such as, the bioremediation of dye and chromium contaminated wastewaters, the enzymatic digestion of chrome shavings, and the bioconversion of organic wastes as fleshings and keratin rich wastes to renewable energy and biofuels.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aarthy M, Rajesh T, Thirunavoukkarasu M (2020) Critical review on microbial fuel cells for concomitant reduction of hexavalent chromium and bioelectricity generation. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 95(5):1298–1307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Fattah AM, El-Gamal MS, Ismail SA, Emran MA, Hashem AM (2018) Biodegradation of feather waste by keratinase produced from newly isolated Bacillus licheniformis ALW1. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 16(2):311–318

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Hamid AM, Solbiati JO, Cann IK (2013) Insights into lignin degradation and its potential industrial applications. Adv Appl Microbiol 82:1–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abebaw G, Abate B (2018) Chrome tanned leather waste dechroming optimization for potential poultry feed additive source: a waste to resources approach of feed for future. J Environ Pollut Manag 1:103

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahamed MN, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A (2014) Biochemical analysis of tannery effluent. Int J Pharm Pharm 234:2–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajaz M, Shakeel S, Rehman A (2020) Microbial use for azo dye degradation—a strategy for dye bioremediation. Int Microbiol 23(2):149–159

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali PG, Muthuraman G (2020) Recovery and reuse of malachite green using ochlorobenzoic acid through bulk liquid membrane technique. J Emerg Technol 7(10):237–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Apaydin Ö, Kurt U, Gonullu MT (2009) An investigation on the treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation. Glob Nest J 11(4):546–555

    Google Scholar 

  • Arokiyaraj S, Varghese R, Ahmed BA, Duraipandiyan V, Al-Dhabi NA (2019) Optimizing the fermentation conditions and enhanced production of keratinase from Bacillus cereus isolated from halophilic environment. Saudi J Biol Sci 26(2):378–381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arregui L, Ayala M, Gómez-Gil X, Gutiérrez-Soto G, Hernández-Luna CE, de los Santos MH, Levin L, Rojo-Domínguez A, Romero-Martínez D, Saparrat MCN, Trujillo-Roldán MA, Valdez-Cruz NA (2019) Laccases: structure, function, and potential application in water bioremediation. Microb Cell Factories 18(1):200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baccar R, Blánquez P, Bouzid J, Feki M, Attiya H, Sarra M (2011) Decolorization of a tannery dye: from fungal screening to bioreactor application. Biochem Eng J 56(3):184–189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bahafid W, Tahri-Joutey N, Sayel H, Boularab I, El Ghachtouli N (2013) Bioaugmentation of chromium-polluted soil microcosms with Candida tropicalis diminishes phytoavailable chromium. J Appl Microbiol 115(3):727–734

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa L, Costa J, Rocha C, Freitas OM, Crispim A, Delerue-Matos C, Gonçalves MP (2011) Preparation and characterization of biodegradable films from keratinous wastes of the leather industry. WIT Trans Ecol Environ 154:177–186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beghetto V, Ugolini F, Tortora A, Taddei L, Scrivanti A, Sole R (2017) Green biopolymers for ecofriendly leather. J Mater Sci Eng A 7(7–8):199–205

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagwat PK, Dandge PB (2018) Collagen and collagenolytic proteases: a review. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 15:43–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bharagava RN, Mani S, Mulla SI, Saratale GD (2018) Degradation and decolourization potential of an ligninolytic enzyme producing Aeromonas hydrophila for crystal violet dye and its phytotoxicity evaluation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 156:166–175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhari R, Kaur M, Singh RS (2019) Thermostable and halotolerant keratinase from Bacillus aerius NSMk2 with remarkable dehairing and laundary applications. J Basic Microbiol 59(6):555–568

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bizzi CA, Zanatta RC, Santos D, Giacobe K, Dallago RM, Mello PA, Flores EM (2020) Ultrasound-assisted extraction of chromium from residual tanned leather: an innovative strategy for the reuse of waste in tanning industry. Ultrason Sonochem 64:104682

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bouacem K, Bouanane-Darenfed A, Jaouadi NZ, Joseph M, Hacene H, Ollivier B, Fardeau ML, Bejar S, Jaouadi B (2016) Novel serine keratinase from Caldicoprobacter algeriensis exhibiting outstanding hide dehairing abilities. Int J Biol Macromol 86:321–328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandelli A, Daroit DJ, Riffel A (2010) Biochemical features of microbial keratinases and their production and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85(6):1735–1750

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cai C, Zheng X (2009) Medium optimization for keratinase production in hair substrate by a new Bacillus subtilis KD-N2 using response surface methodology. J Ind Microbial Biotechnol 36(7):875–883

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao L, Tan H, Liu Y, Xue X, Zhou S (2008) Characterization of a new keratinolytic Trichoderma atroviride strain F6 that completely degrades native chicken feather. Lett Appl Microbial 46(3):389–394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen H (2006) Recent advances in azo dye degrading enzyme research. Curr Protein Pept Sci 7(2):101–111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • China CR, Maguta MM, Nyandoro SS, Hilonga A, Kanth SV, Njau KN (2020) Alternative tanning technologies and their suitability in curbing environmental pollution from the leather industry: a comprehensive review. Chemosphere 254:126804

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury M, Mostafa MG, Biswas TK, Saha AK (2013) Treatment of leather industrial effluents by filtration and coagulation processes. Water Resour Ind 3:11–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury M, Mostafa MG, Biswas TK, Mandal A, Saha AK (2015) Characterization of the effluents from leather processing industries. Environ Process 2(1):173–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooman K, Gajardo M, Nieto J, Bornhardt C, Vidal G (2003) Tannery wastewater characterization and toxicity effects on Daphnia spp. Environ Toxicol 18(1):45–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Couto SR, Herrera JLT (2006) Industrial and biotechnological applications of laccases: a review. Biotechnol Adv 24(5):500–513

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • da Fontoura JT, Rolim GS, Mella B, Farenzena M, Gutterres M (2017) Defatted microalgal biomass as biosorbent for the removal of Acid Blue 161 dye from tannery effluent. J Environ Chem Eng 5(5):5076–5084

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daroit DJ, Brandelli A (2014) A current assessment on the production of bacterial keratinases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 34(4):372–384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • David C, Arivazhagan M, Balamurali MN, Shanmugarajan D (2015) Decolorization of distillery spent wash using biopolymer synthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from tannery effluent. Biomed Res Int 2015:195879

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Rossi A, Rigon MR, Zaparoli M, Braido RD, Colla LM, Dotto GL, Piccin JS (2018) Chromium (VI) biosorption by Saccharomyces cerevisiae subjected to chemical and thermal treatments. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(19):19179–19186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devi TC, Ravikumar R, Kavitha N, Deepa VS (2013) Impact of agitation for the color removal from dye effluent using isolated fungal species. J Environ Res Dev 7(4A):1559–1564

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixit S, Yadav A, Dwivedi PD, Das M (2015) Toxic hazards of leather industry and technologies to combat threat: a review. J Clean Prod 87:39–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duarte AS, Correia A, Esteves AC (2016) Bacterial collagenases—a review. Crit Rev Microbiol 42(1):106–126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubé E, Shareck F, Hurtubise Y, Beauregard M, Daneault C (2008) Decolourization of recalcitrant dyes with a laccase from Streptomyces coelicolor under alkaline conditions. J Ind Microbial Biotechnol 35(10):1123–1129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duraisamy R, Shamena S, Berekete AK (2016) A review of biotanning materials for processing of fish skin into leather. Int J Eng Trend Technol 39(1):10–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Elabed A, El Abed S, Ibnsouda S, Erable B (2019) Sustainable approach for tannery wastewater treatment: bioelectricity generation in bioelectrochemical systems. Arab J Sci Eng 44(12):10057–10066

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Gendy MMA (2010) Keratinase production by endophytic Penicillium spp. Morsy1 under solid-state fermentation using rice straw. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 162(3):780–794

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Sheikh MA, Saleh HI, Flora JR, AbdEl-Ghany MR (2011) Biological tannery wastewater treatment using two stage UASB reactors. Desalination 276(1–3):253–259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epure DG, Cioineag CF, Becheritu M, Gaidau C, Stepan E, Gidea M (2018) Use of biofertilizant based on collagen hydrolysate for cereal seed treatment. Agrolife Sci J 7:48–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdem M (2006) Chromium recovery from chrome shaving generated in tanning process. J Hazard Mater 129(1–3):143–146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ezziat L, Elabed A, Ibnsouda S, El Abed S (2019) Challenges of microbial fuel cell architecture on heavy metal recovery and removal from wastewater. Front Energy Res 7:1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farag AM, Hassan MA (2004) Purification, characterization and immobilization of a keratinase from Aspergillus oryzae. Enzym Microb Technol 34(2):85–93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fazal T, Mushtaq A, Rehman F, Khan AU, Rashid N, Farooq W, Rehmana MSU, Xu J (2018) Bioremediation of textile wastewater and successive biodiesel production using microalgae. Renew Sust Energ Rev 82:3107–3126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fei K, Song TS, Wang H, Zhang D, Tao R, Xie J (2017) Electrophoretic deposition of carbon nanotube on reticulated vitreous carbon for hexavalent chromium removal in a biocathode microbial fuel cell. R Soc Open Sci 4(10):170798

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández PM, Martorell MM, Fariña JI, Figueroa LI (2012) Removal efficiency of Cr6+ by indigenous Pichia sp. isolated from textile factory effluent. Sci World J 2012:708213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galai S, Pérez de los Ríos A, Hernández-Fernández FJ, Kacem SH, Ramírez FM, Quesada-Medina J (2015) Microbial fuel cell application for azoic dye decolorization with simultaneous bioenergy production using Stenotrophomonas sp. Chem Eng Technol 38(9):1511–1518

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gangadharan P, Nambi IM (2015) Hexavalent chromium reduction and energy recovery by using dual-chambered microbial fuel cell. Water Sci Technol 71(3):353–358

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garg SK, Tripathi M (2013) Process parameters for decolorization and biodegradation of orange II (Acid Orange 7) in dye-simulated minimal salt medium and subsequent textile effluent treatment by Bacillus cereus (MTCC 9777) RMLAU1. Environ Monit Assess 185(11):8909–8923

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gegeckas A, Gudiukaitė R, Debski J, Citavicius D (2015) Keratinous waste decomposition and peptide production by keratinase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus AD-11. Int J Biol Macromol 75:158–165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghaffar I, Imtiaz A, Hussain A, Javid A, Jabeen F, Akmal M, Qazi JI (2018) Microbial production and industrial applications of keratinases: an overview. Int Microbiol 21(4):163–174

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes CS, Repke JU, Meyer M (2020) Investigation of different pre-treatments of chromium leather shavings to improve biogas production. J Leather Sci Eng 2(1):1–14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gopinath SC, Anbu P, Lakshmipriya T, Tang TH, Chen Y, Hashim U, Ruslinda AR, Arshad MK (2015) Biotechnological aspects and perspective of microbial keratinase production. BioMed Res Int 140726:10

    Google Scholar 

  • Gradišar HKSF, Kern S, Friedrich J (2000) Keratinase of Doratomyces microsporus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 53(2):196–200

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta R, Rajput R, Sharma R, Gupta N (2013) Biotechnological applications and prospective market of microbial keratinases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97(23):9931–9940

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hashem MA, Nur-A-Tomal MS (2017) Valorization of tannery limed fleshings through fat extraction: an approach to utilize by-product. Waste Biomass Valori 8(4):1219–1224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashem MA, Arefin MS, Jor A (2015a) Gaseous air pollutants and its environmental effect-emitted from the tanning industry at Hazaribagh, Bangladesh. Am J Eng Res 4(5):138–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashem MA, Tomal MNA, Mondal BK (2015b) Generation of fleshings at beamhouse in tannery and its environmental impact assessment: Bangladesh perspective. Bangladesh J Sci Ind Res 50(3):227–232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Zamora M, Cristiani-Urbina E, Martínez-Jerónimo F, Perales-Vela HV, Ponce-Noyola T, del Carmen M-HM, Cañizares-Villanueva RO (2015) Bioremoval of the azo dye Congo Red by the microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(14):10811–10823

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu H, He J, Yu B, Zheng P, Huang Z, Mao X, Yu J, Han G, Chen D (2013) Expression of a keratinase (kerA) gene from Bacillus licheniformis in Escherichia coli and characterization of the recombinant enzymes. Biotechnol Lett 35(2):239–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang L, Chai X, Chen G, Logan BE (2011) Effect of set potential on hexavalent chromium reduction and electricity generation from biocathode microbial fuel cells. Environ Sci Technol 45(11):5025–5031

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang G, Wang W, Liu G (2015) Simultaneous chromate reduction and azo dye decolourization by Lactobacillus paracase CL1107 isolated from deep sea sediment. J Environ Manag 157:297–302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang M, Chen R, Ren G (2017) Secretory expression and purification of Bacillus licheniformis keratinase in insect cells. PLoS One 12(8):e0183764

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain FS, Memon N, Khatri Z, Memon S (2020) Solid waste-derived biodegradable keratin sponges for removal of chromium: a circular approach for waste management in leather industry. Environ Technol Innovat 20:101120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jafari N, Kasra-Kermanshahi R, Soudi MR (2013) Screening, identification and optimization of a yeast strain, Candida palmioleophila JKS4, capable of azo dye decolorization. Iran J Microbiol 5(4):434

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jagadeesan Y, Meenakshisundaram S, Saravanan V, Balaiah A (2020) Sustainable production, biochemical and molecular characterization of thermo-and-solvent stable alkaline serine keratinase from novel Bacillus pumilus AR57 for promising poultry solid waste management. Int J Biol Macromol 163:135–146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahan MAA, Akhtar N, Khan NMS, Roy CK, Islam R, Nurunnabi M (2014) Characterization of tannery wastewater and its treatment by aquatic macrophytes and algae. Bangladesh J Sci Ind Res 49(4):233–242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain SK, Purkait MK, De S, Bhattacharya PK (2006) Treatment of leather plant effluent by membrane separation processes. Sep Sci Technol 41(15):3329–3348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaouadi NZ, Jaouadi B, Hlima HB, Rekik H, Belhoul M, Hmidi M, Slimene Ben Aicha H, Gorgi Hila C, Toumi A, Aghajari N, Bejar S (2014) Probing the crucial role of Leu31 and Thr33 of the Bacillus pumilus CBS alkaline protease in substrate recognition and enzymatic depilation of animal hide. PLoS One 9(9):e108367

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joutey NT, Sayel H, Bahafid W, El Ghachtouli N (2015) Mechanisms of hexavalent chromium resistance and removal by microorganisms. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 233:45–69

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahsay T, Negash G, Hagos Y, Hadush B (2015) Pre-slaughter, slaughter and post-slaughter defects of skins and hides at the Sheba Tannery and Leather Industry, Tigray region, northern Ethiopia. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 82(1):01–07

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kandasamy R, Venkatesan SK, Uddin MI, Ganesan S (2020) Anaerobic biovalorization of leather industry solid waste and production of high value-added biomolecules and biofuels. In: Biovalorisation of wastes to renewable chemicals and biofuels. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 3–25

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MD, Abdulateif H, Ismail IM, Sabir S, Khan MZ (2015) Bioelectricity generation and bioremediation of an azo-dye in a microbial fuel cell coupled activated sludge process. PLoS One 10(10):e0138448

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MR, Manchur MA, Mahmud N, Fatama B (2019) Isolation and identification of bacterial strains from tannery effluent and its capability assessment to degrade leather dye. J Pollut Eff Cont 7:235

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim JD (2003) Keratinolytic activity of five Aspergillus species isolated from poultry farming soil in Korea. Mycobiology 31(3):157–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kocurek P, Kolomazník K, Bařinová M, Hendrych J (2017) Total control of chromium in tanneries–thermal decomposition of filtration cake from enzymatic hydrolysis of chrome shavings. Waste Manag Res 35(4):444–449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishanamoorthi S, Sivakumar V, Saravanan K, Prabhu TS (2009) Treatment and reuse of tannery waste water by embedded system. Mod Appl Sci 3(1):129–134

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubendran D, Salma Aathika AR, Amudha T, Thiruselvi D, Yuvarani M, Sivanesan S (2017) Utilization of leather fleshing waste as a feedstock for sustainable biodiesel production. Energy Sources Part A Recov Utiliz Environ Effects 39(15):1587–1593

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar J, Chopra NK (2017) Microbial decolorization of leather dye effluent. Int J Trend Sci Res Dev 1(5):1029–1033

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar AG, Swarnalatha S, Gayathri S, Nagesh N, Sekaran G (2008) Characterization of an alkaline active–thiol forming extracellular serine keratinase by the newly isolated Bacillus pumilus. J Appl Microbiol 104(2):411–419

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar R, Balaji S, Uma TS, Mandal AB, Sehgal PK (2010) Optimization of influential parameters for extracellular keratinase production by Bacillus subtilis (MTCC9102) in solid state fermentation using horn meal—a biowaste management. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 160(1):30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumawat TK, Sharma A, Bhadauria S (2016) Biodegradation of keratinous waste substrates by Arthroderma multifidum. Asian J Appl Sci 9:106–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laba W, Rodziewicz A (2014) Biodegradation of hard keratins by two Bacillus strains. Jundishapur J Microbiol 7(2):e88962

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Łaba W, Szczekala KB (2013) Keratinolytic proteases in biodegradation of pretreated feathers. Pol J Environ Stud 22(4):1101–1109

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacouture ME (2006) Mechanisms of cutaneous toxicities to EGFR inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer 6(10):803–812

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lai CY, Wu CH, Meng CT, Lin CW (2017) Decolorization of azo dye and generation of electricity by microbial fuel cell with laccase-producing white-rot fungus on cathode. Appl Energy 188:392–398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lange L, Huang Y, Busk PK (2016) Microbial decomposition of keratin in nature—a new hypothesis of industrial relevance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100(5):2083–2096

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Huang S, Zhang Y (2016) Cr (VI) removal from aqueous solution by thermophilic denitrifying bacterium Chelatococcus daeguensis TAD1 in the presence of single and multiple heavy metals. J Microbiol 54(9):602–610

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Guo R, Lu W, Zhu D (2019) Research progress on resource utilization of leather solid waste. J Leather Sci Eng 1(1):6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long B, Ye B, Liu Q, Zhang S, Ye J, Zou L, Shi J (2018) Characterization of Penicillium oxalicum SL2 isolated from indoor air and its application to the removal of hexavalent chromium. PLoS One 13(1):e0191484

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mala JGS, Nair BU, Puvanakrishnan R (2006) Bioaccumulation and biosorption of chromium by Aspergillus niger MTCC 2594. J Gen Appl Microbiol 52(3):179–186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martorell MM, Pajot HF, Rovati JI, Figueroa LI (2012) Optimization of culture medium composition for manganese peroxidase and tyrosinase production during Reactive Black 5 decolourization by the yeast Trichosporon akiyoshidainum. Yeast 29(3–4):137–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazotto AM, Lage Cedrola SM, Lins U, Rosado AS, Silva KT, Chaves JQ, Rabinovitch L, Zingali RB, Vermelho AB (2010) Keratinolytic activity of Bacillus subtilis AMR using human hair. Lett Appl Microbiol 50(1):89–96

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra S, Maiti A (2019) Process optimization for effective bio-decolourization of reactive orange 16 using chemometric methods. J Environ Sci Health Part A 54(3):179–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreira FG, De Souza CGM, Costa MAF, Reis S, Peralta RM (2007) Degradation of keratinous materials by the plant pathogenic fungus Myrothecium verrucaria. Mycopathologia 163(3):153–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nazer DW, Siebel MA (2006) Reducing the environmental impact of the unhairing–liming process in the leather tanning industry. J Clean Prod 14(1):65–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neifar M, Jaouani A, Kamoun A, Ellouze-Ghorbel R, Ellouze-Chaabouni S (2011) Decolorization of solophenyl red 3BL polyazo dye by laccase-mediator system: optimization through response surface methodology. Enzyme Res 2011:179050

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Neifar M, Chouchane H, Mahjoubi M, Jaouani A, Cherif A (2016) Pseudomonas extremorientalis BU118: a new salt-tolerant laccase-secreting bacterium with biotechnological potential in textile azo dye decolourization. 3 Biotech 6(1):107

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nigam H, Das M, Chauhan S, Pandey P, Swati P, Yadav M, Tiwari A (2015) Effect of chromium generated by solid waste of tannery and microbial degradation of chromium to reduce its toxicity: a review. Adv Appl Sci Res 6(3):129–136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nur-E-Alam M, Mia MAS, Ahmad F, Rahman MM (2018) Adsorption of chromium (Cr) from tannery wastewater using low-cost spent tea leaves adsorbent. Appl Water Sci 8(5):129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Opperman DJ, Van Heerden E (2007) Aerobic Cr (VI) reduction by Thermus scotoductus strain SA-01. J Appl Microbiol 103(5):1907–1913

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oppong D, Rangarajan R, Bryant C (2006) Method of protecting an animal skin product from metalloproteinase activity. US Patent 0112494 A1, 1 Jun 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Oruko RO, Selvarajan R, Ogola HJO, Edokpayi JN, Odiyo JO (2020) Contemporary and future direction of chromium tanning and management in sub Saharan Africa tanneries. Process Saf Environ Prot 133:369–386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ouertani R, Ouertani A, Mahjoubi M, Bousselmi Y, Najjari A, Cherif H, Chamkhi A, Mosbah A, Khdhira H, Sghaier H, Chouchane H, Cherif A, Neifar M (2020a) New plant growth-promoting, chromium-detoxifying Microbacterium species isolated from a tannery wastewater: performance and genomic insights. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 8:521

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ouertani R, Chouchane H, Mahjoubi M, Khdhira H, Masmoudi AS, Cherif A, Neifar M (2020b) Feather degradation efficiency and hide dehairing ability of a new keratinolytic Bacillus halotolerans strain, isolated from a tannery wastewater. MOJ Appl Bionics Biomech 4(4):102–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Pajot HF, Delgado OD, de Figueroa LI, Farina JI (2011) Unraveling the decolourizing ability of yeast isolates from dye-polluted and virgin environments: an ecological and taxonomical overview. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 99(3):443–456

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pal GK, Suresh PV (2016) Microbial collagenases: challenges and prospects in production and potential applications in food and nutrition. RSC Adv 6(40):33763–33780

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pati A, Chaudhary R (2013) Studies on the generation of biogas from collagen hydrolysate obtained from chrome shavings by alkaline hydrolysis: a greener disposal method. Res J Recent Sci 2:234

    Google Scholar 

  • Pati A, Chaudhary R (2015) Soybean plant growth study conducted using purified protein hydrolysate-based fertilizer made from chrome-tanned leather waste. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(24):20316–20321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pati A, Chaudhary R, Subramani S (2014) A review on management of chrome-tanned leather shavings: a holistic paradigm to combat the environmental issues. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21(19):11266–11282

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul T, Jana A, Mandal AK, Mandal A, Mohpatra PKD, Mondal KC (2016) Bacterial keratinolytic protease, imminent starter for NextGen leather and detergent industries. Sustain Chem Pharm 3:8–22

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pawar VA, Prajapati AS, Akhani RC, Patel DH, Subramanian RB (2018) Molecular and biochemical characterization of a thermostable keratinase from Bacillus altitudinis RBDV1. 3 Biotech 8(2):107

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pissuwan D, Suntornsuk W (2001) Production of keratinase by Bacillus sp. FK 28 isolated in Thailand. Agric Nat Res 35(2):171–178

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polti MA, García RO, Amoroso MJ, Abate CM (2009) Bioremediation of chromium (VI) contaminated soil by Streptomyces sp. MC1. J Basic Microbiol 49(3):285–292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ponomareva EG, Kupryashina MA, Vetchinkina EP, Nikitina VE (2019) Extracellular laccase activity of bacteria of the genera Azospirillum and Niveispirillum. Biol Bull 46(2):161–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash NB, Sockan V, Jayakaran P (2014) Waste water treatment by coagulation and flocculation. Int J Eng Sci Innov Technol 3(2):479–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Raaman N, Mahendran B, Jaganathan C, Sukumar S, Chandrasekaran V (2012) Removal of chromium using Rhizobium leguminosarum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 28(2):627–636

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rao JR, Chandrababu NK, Muralidharan C, Nair BU, Rao PG, Ramasami T (2003) Recouping the wastewater: a way forward for cleaner leather processing. J Clean Prod 11(5):591–599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao A, Bankar A, Kumar AR, Gosavi S, Zinjarde S (2013) Removal of hexavalent chromium ions by Yarrowia lipolytica cells modified with phyto-inspired Fe0/Fe3O4 nanoparticles. J Contam Hydrol 146:63–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rigueto CVT, Rosseto M, Krein DDC, Ostwald BEP, Massuda LA, Zanella BB, Dettmer A (2020) Alternative uses for tannery wastes: a review of environmental, sustainability, and science. J Leather Sci Eng 2(1):1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rocha OP, Cesila CA, Christovam EM, de Moraes Barros SB, Zanoni MVB, De Oliveira DP (2017) Ecotoxicological risk assessment of the “Acid Black 210” dye. Toxicology 376:113–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandhya KV, Abinandan S, Vedaraman N, Velappan KC (2016) Extraction of fleshing oil from waste limed fleshings and biodiesel production. J Waste Manag 48:638–643

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanjay MS, Sudarsanam D, Raj GA, Baskar K (2020) Isolation and identification of chromium reducing bacteria from tannery effluent. J King Saud Univ Sci 32(1):265–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sauer TP, Casaril L, Oberziner ALB, José HJ, Moreira RDFPM (2006) Advanced oxidation processes applied to tannery wastewater containing Direct Black 38—elimination and degradation kinetics. J Hazard Mater 135(1–3):274–279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selvam K, Swaminathan K, Chae KS (2003) Decolourization of azo dyes and a dye industry effluent by a white rot fungus Thelephora sp. Bioresour Technol 88(2):115–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sen SK, Raut S, Bandyopadhyay P, Raut S (2016) Fungal decolouration and degradation of azo dyes: a review. Fungal Biol Rev 30(3):112–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Senthil R, Hemalatha T, Kumar BS, Uma TS, Das BN, Sastry TP (2015) Recycling of finished leather wastes: a novel approach. Clean Technol Environ Pol 17(1):187–197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shakilanishi S, Babu NKC, Shanthi C (2017) Exploration of chrome shaving hydrolysate as substrate for production of dehairing protease by Bacillus cereus VITSN04 for use in cleaner leather production. J Clean Prod 149:797–804

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shanmugam BK, Easwaran SN, Mohanakrishnan AS, Kalyanaraman C, Mahadevan S (2019) Biodegradation of tannery dye effluent using Fenton’s reagent and bacterial consortium: a biocalorimetric investigation. J Environ Manag 242:106–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shanthi C, Banerjee P, Babu NC, Rajakumar G (2013) Recovery and characterization of protein hydrolysate from chrome shavings by microbial degradation. J Am Leather Chem Assoc 108(6):231–239

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma S, Gupta A (2016) Sustainable management of keratin waste biomass: applications and future perspectives. Braz Arch Biol Technol 59:e16150684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma S, Malaviya P (2016) Bioremediation of tannery wastewater by Aspergillus flavus SPFT2. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 5(3):137–143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon Sola MZ, Pérez Visñuk D, Benimeli CS, Polti MA, Alvarez A (2017) Cr (VI) and lindane removal by Streptomyces M7 is improved by maize root exudates. J Basic Microbiol 57(12):1037–1044

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh CJ (2003) Optimization of an extracellular protease of Chrysosporium keratinophilum and its potential in bioremediation of keratinic wastes. Mycopathologia 156(3):151–156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh PK, Singh RL (2017) Bio-removal of azo dyes: a review. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol 5(2):108–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh RL, Singh PK, Singh RP (2015) Enzymatic decolorization and degradation of azo dyes—a review. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 104:21–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sivakumar S, Anbalagan A (2016) Decolorization of tannery effluent through biological conversion process by Cucumissativus fruit extract-phytoremediation. South Asian J Eng Technol 2(24):8–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Sivaram NM, Barik D (2019) Toxic waste from leather industries. In: Energy from toxic organic waste for heat and power generation, Woodhead Publishing, pp 55–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith WA, Apel WA, Petersen JN, Peyton BM (2002) Effect of carbon and energy source on bacterial chromate reduction. Biorem J 6(3):205–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava S, Thakur IS (2006) Biosorption potency of Aspergillus niger for removal of chromium (VI). Curr Microbiol 53(3):232–237

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sukumar M (2010) Reduction of hexavalent chromium by Rhizopus oryzae. African J Environ Sci Technol 4(7):412–418

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundar VJ, Gnanamani A, Muralidharan C, Chandrababu NK, Mandal AB (2011) Recovery and utilization of proteinous wastes of leather making: a review. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 10(2):151–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Syed DG, Lee JC, Li WJ, Kim CJ, Agasar D (2009) Production, characterization and application of keratinase from Streptomyces gulbargensis. Bioresour Technol 100(5):1868–1871

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamindžija D, Chromikova Z, Spaić A, Barak I, Bernier-Latmani R, Radnović D (2019) Chromate tolerance and removal of bacterial strains isolated from uncontaminated and chromium-polluted environments. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 35(4):56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang Y, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Shi B (2021) Conversion of tannery solid waste to an adsorbent for high-efficiency dye removal from tannery wastewater: a road to circular utilization. Chemosphere 263:127987

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tatineni R, Doddapaneni KK, Potumarthi RC, Vellanki RN, Kandathil MT, Kolli N, Mangamoori LN (2008) Purification and characterization of an alkaline keratinase from Streptomyces sp. Bioresour Technol 99(6):1596–1602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teklay A, Gebeyehu G, Getachew T, Yaynshet T, Sastry TP (2017) Preparation of value added composite boards using finished leather waste and plant fibers—a waste utilization effort in Ethiopia. Clean Technol Environ Pol 19(5):1285–1296

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teklay A, Gebeyehu G, Getachew T, Yayneshet T, Sastry TP (2019) Ethiopian hides and skin defects and quality status: an assessment at wet blue stage. J Waste Manag Xenobiot 2(3):000130

    Google Scholar 

  • Thanikaivelan P, Rao JR, Nair BU, Ramasami T (2004) Progress and recent trends in biotechnological methods for leather processing. Trends Biotechnol 22(4):181–188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thanikaivelan P, Rao JR, Nair BU, Ramasami T (2005) Recent trends in leather making: processes, problems, and pathways. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 35(1):37–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thankaswamy SR, Sundaramoorthy S, Palanivel S, Ramudu KN (2018) Improved microbial degradation of animal hair waste from leather industry using Brevibacterium luteolum (MTCC 5982). J Clean Prod 189:701–708

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi M, Garg SK (2014) Dechlorination of chloroorganics, decolorization, and simultaneous bioremediation of Cr6+ from real tannery effluent employing indigenous Bacillus cereus isolate. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21(7):5227–5241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uddin MJ, Jeong YK, Lee W (2020) Microbial fuel cells for bioelectricity generation through reduction of hexavalent chromium in wastewater: a review. Int J Hydrogen Energy 46(20):11458–11481

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unuofin JO, Okoh AI, Nwodo UU (2019) Recovery of laccase-producing gammaproteobacteria from wastewater. Biotechnol Rep 21:e00320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verma A, Singh H, Anwar S, Chattopadhyay A, Tiwari KK, Kaur S, Dhilon GS (2017) Microbial keratinases: industrial enzymes with waste management potential. Crit Rev Biotechnol 37(4):476–491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vidmar B, Vodovnik M (2018) Microbial keratinases: enzymes with promising biotechnological applications. Food Technol Biotechnol 56(3):312–328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Villalobos-Lara AD, Álvarez F, Gamiño-Arroyo Z, Navarro R, Peralta-Hernández JM, Fuentes R, Pérez T (2020) Electrocoagulation treatment of industrial tannery wastewater employing a modified rotating cylinder electrode reactor. Chemosphere 264:128491

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakil SM, Adebayo-Tayo BC, Odeniyi OA, Salawu KO, Eyiolawi SA, Onilude AA (2017) Production, characterization and purification of laccase by yeasts isolated from ligninolytic soil. J Pure Appl Microbiol 11(2):847–869

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakil SM, Eyiolawi SA, Salawu KO, Onilude AA (2019) Decolourization of synthetic dyes by laccase enzyme produced by Kluyveromyces dobzhanskii DW1 and Pichia manshurica DW2. African J Biotechnol 18(1):1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Wang K (2013) Removal of copper from acid wastewater of bioleaching by adsorption onto ramie residue and uptake by Trichoderma viride. Bioresour Technol 136:244–250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang G, Huang L, Zhang Y (2008) Cathodic reduction of hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] coupled with electricity generation in microbial fuel cells. Biotechnol Lett 30(11):1959

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu WL, Chen MY, Tu IF, Lin YC, EswarKumar N, Chen MY, Hu MC, Wu SH (2017) The discovery of novel heat-stable keratinases from Meiothermus taiwanensis WR-220 and other extremophiles. Sci Rep 7(1):1–12

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu W, Duan G, Liu Y, Zeng G, Li X, Liang J, Zhang W (2018) Simultaneous removal of hexavalent chromium and o-dichlorobenzene by isolated Serratia marcescens ZD. Biodegradation 29(6):605–616

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu H, Wang L, Lin C, Zheng J, Wen Q, Chen Y, Wang Y, Qi L (2020) Improved simultaneous decolorization and power generation in a microbial fuel cell with the sponge anode modified by polyaniline and chitosan. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 192:698–718

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Li W, Ng TB, Deng X, Lin J, Ye X (2017) Laccases: production, expression regulation, and applications in pharmaceutical biodegradation. Front Microbiol 8:832

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang YZ, Ran LY, Li CY, Chen XL (2015) Diversity, structures, and collagen-degrading mechanisms of bacterial collagenolytic proteases. Appl Environ Microbiol 81(18):6098–6107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C, Xia L, Zhang J, Liu X, Xu W (2020) Utilization of waste wool fibers for fabrication of wool powders and keratin: a review. J Leather Sci Eng 2(1):1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao C, Chen W (2019) A review for tannery wastewater treatment: some thoughts under stricter discharge requirements. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(25):26102–26111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole of Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia

    Rania Ouertani, Mouna Mahjoubi, Habib Chouchane, Ameur Cherif & Mohamed Neifar

  2. Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia

    Rania Ouertani

Authors
  1. Rania Ouertani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mouna Mahjoubi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Habib Chouchane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ameur Cherif
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mohamed Neifar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohamed Neifar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Oil & Gas Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman

    Sanket J. Joshi

  2. Department of Microbiology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India

    Arvind Deshmukh

  3. Department of Botany, Nanda Nath Saikia College, Titabar, Assam, India

    Hemen Sarma

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ouertani, R., Mahjoubi, M., Chouchane, H., Cherif, A., Neifar, M. (2021). Microbial and Enzymatic Bioconversion of Tannery Wastes: Progress Toward a Circular Economy in the Leather Industry. In: Joshi, S.J., Deshmukh, A., Sarma, H. (eds) Biotechnology for Sustainable Environment. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1955-7_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation