Abstract
Bovine bone is one of the major sources for the extraction of hydroxyapatite (HAp). In the present study, HAp was extracted by thermal decomposition of pre-treated bones. Bones were first dual pre-treated using acetone and hydrochloric acid for the removal of fatty acid and proteins, respectively, and further calcined at 1000 °C to obtain HAp ceramics. Characterizations of the developed material were carried out to investigate its physicochemical properties using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Formation of HAp in the calcined powder was confirmed from XRD and FTIR analysis. Agglomeration of HAp particle with porous morphology was observed from SEM micrographs. The presence of calcium and phosphate in the calcined powder was further examined from Energy-dispersive x-ray (EDAX) spectrum with Ca/P ratio of 1.71. The ratio was fairly accurate to Ca/P ratio of human cortical bone. Average particle size of around 68 nm was calculated from TEM images using ImageJ software. Moreover, polycrystalline nature of the HAp was confirmed from concentric rings with bright spots as seen in the selective area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of the calcined powder. The calcination of bone particles yields 23.31% HAp. The extracted HAp was found to have improved crystallographic property which is suitable for the development of artificial bone material and orthopedic implant coatings.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge Material Science Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar, for performing TG analysis. The authors thank SAIF, IIT Madras, Chennai, for performing SEM and FTIR analysis. The authors are grateful to SAIF, Gauhati University and CIF, NIT Silchar for XRD analysis of samples. The authors thank Indovation Laboratory and TEQIP III, NIT Silchar, for providing fund for the characterizations of the samples.
Ethical approval No Human/animal testing was performed during this study.
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Barua, E., Deb, P., Das Lala, S., Deoghare, A.B. (2019). Extraction of Hydroxyapatite from Bovine Bone for Sustainable Development. In: Bains, P., Sidhu, S., Bahraminasab, M., Prakash, C. (eds) Biomaterials in Orthopaedics and Bone Regeneration . Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9977-0_10
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