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Status of Arsenic Toxicity in the World

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Mechanisms of Arsenic Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants

Abstract

Arsenic (As) is a major environmental contaminant that affects the plant, animal, and human life. It is obtained from the earth’s crust and finds its use in industrial, cosmetic, agricultural, and health sectors. Though due to the medical concerns, its use has decreased, yet it continues to be bioavailable in different forms. Released through geological and anthropogenic activities, it presents to be a major risk to the human population. The current chapter reviews the role of As as a potential environmental contaminant and its effect as a carcinogen and toxin to the humans. Various sources of introduction of As into the environment are then discussed. A comprehensive review of the geographical patterns of As occurrence in environmental samples has then been provided along with the interventional strategies that can be employed to decrease the effects of As toxicity.

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Abbreviations

μg:

Microgram

As:

Arsenic

As (III):

Trivalent arsenic

As (V):

Pentavalent arsenic

ATSDR:

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

Ca:

Calcium

CDC:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CDK:

Cyclin-dependent kinases

CERCLA:

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

Co:

Cobalt

Cr:

Chromium

Cu:

Copper

DEC:

Department of Environment and Conservation

DMAsV:

Dimethylarsinic acid

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EIL:

Ecological Investigation Levels

Fe:

Iron

GDP:

Gross domestic product

JECFA:

Joint FAO-WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives

kg:

Kilogram

L:

Liter

LOD:

Limits of detection

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinases

MCL:

Maximum Contaminant Level

Mg:

Magnesium

MSMAsV:

Monosodium methanearsonate

P:

Phosphorus

Pb:

Lead

PC:

Phytochelatin

ppb:

Parts per billion

PTE:

Potentially toxic elements

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

UAE:

United Arab Emirates

USA:

United States

WHO:

World Health Organization

Zn:

Zinc

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar

  2. Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Aneela Tariq

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  1. Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar
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  2. Aneela Tariq
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Correspondence to Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar .

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  1. Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Mirza Hasanuzzaman

  2. Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Kamrun Nahar

  3. Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan

    Masayuki Fujita

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Babar, M.M., Tariq, A. (2018). Status of Arsenic Toxicity in the World. In: Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Fujita, M. (eds) Mechanisms of Arsenic Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1292-2_18

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