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History, Discovery, and Classification of lncRNAs

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Long Non Coding RNA Biology

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1008))

Abstract

The RNA World Hypothesis suggests that prebiotic life revolved around RNA instead of DNA and proteins. Although modern cells have changed significantly in 4 billion years, RNA has maintained its central role in cell biology. Since the discovery of DNA at the end of the nineteenth century, RNA has been extensively studied. Many discoveries such as housekeeping RNAs (rRNA, tRNA, etc.) supported the messenger RNA model that is the pillar of the central dogma of molecular biology, which was first devised in the late 1950s. Thirty years later, the first regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) were initially identified in bacteria and then in most eukaryotic organisms. A few long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) such as H19 and Xist were characterized in the pre-genomic era but remained exceptions until the early 2000s. Indeed, when the sequence of the human genome was published in 2001, studies showed that only about 1.2% encodes proteins, the rest being deemed “non-coding.” It was later shown that the genome is pervasively transcribed into many ncRNAs, but their functionality remained controversial. Since then, regulatory lncRNAs have been characterized in many species and were shown to be involved in processes such as development and pathologies, revealing a new layer of regulation in eukaryotic cells. This newly found focus on lncRNAs, together with the advent of high-throughput sequencing, was accompanied by the rapid discovery of many novel transcripts which were further characterized and classified according to specific transcript traits.

In this review, we will discuss the many discoveries that led to the study of lncRNAs, from Friedrich Miescher’s “nuclein” in 1869 to the elucidation of the human genome and transcriptome in the early 2000s. We will then focus on the biological relevance during lncRNA evolution and describe their basic features as genes and transcripts. Finally, we will present a non-exhaustive catalogue of lncRNA classes, thus illustrating the vast complexity of eukaryotic transcriptomes.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Edith Heard, Mike Schertzer, and members of the lab for attentively reading the manuscript and apologize to colleagues whose works are not discussed and cited due to space limitation.

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  1. ncRNA, epigenetic and genome fluidity, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, CNRS UMR 3244, PSL Research University and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

    Julien Jarroux, Antonin Morillon & Marina Pinskaya

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Correspondence to Antonin Morillon .

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  1. Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India

    M.R.S. Rao

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Jarroux, J., Morillon, A., Pinskaya, M. (2017). History, Discovery, and Classification of lncRNAs. In: Rao, M. (eds) Long Non Coding RNA Biology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1008. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5203-3_1

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