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Salvia miltiorrhiza: A Medicinal Herb from Metabolites to Pathway Engineering

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Abstract

The dried, red-colored roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Lamiaceae) also called “danshen” in colloquial language in China have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular ailments. The main constituents of danshen are hydrophilic phenolic acids and lipophilic tanshinones. The various uses of danshen in traditional as well as modern medicines have motivated an intensive research on compounds in S. miltiorrhiza. In recent years, more than 110 compounds have been isolated from S. miltiorrhiza and their structure was identified. Tanshinones and their derivatives have been demonstrated to possess properties of slowing down or curing various ailments related to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, respiratory, liver, nervous system, cancer, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. With the increasing demand of this herb, an unrestricted collection to supply raw materials and the extraction of its constituents have severely threatened the natural habitats of S miltiorrhiza. This has prompted the researchers to develop alternative strategies for metabolite production. Several in vitro methodologies have been established to generate callus, cell suspension culture, hairy roots, and plant regeneration. Different regulators and elicitors for plant growth have been employed to enhance levels of different constituents. The advent of sequencing technologies, whole genome, and expression data has helped to provide insights and identification of pathway genes involved in the biosynthesis. This book chapter gives a brief description of in vitro methodologies, use of different elicitors, gene functions, genetic modifications, expression profiling for a better understanding, and enhancement of the constituents in S. miltiorrhiza.

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Abbreviations

2,4-D:

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

4CL:

4-Coumaroyl:CoA ligase

ABA:

Abscisic acid

AOPP:

L-a-aminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid

ATM:

Activation tagging mutagenesis

ATMT:

A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation

BA:

N6-benzyladenine

BABA:

β-Aminobutyric acid

C4H:

Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase

cDNA:

Complimentary DNA

COG:

Clusters of orthologous groups

CPS:

Copalyl diphosphate synthase

DMAPP:

Dimethylallyl diphosphate

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DW:

Distilled water

DXS:

1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase

FPP:

Farnesyl diphosphate

FPPS:

Farnesyl diphosphate synthase

GA3 :

Gibberellic acid

GC:

Gas chromatography

GC-MS:

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

g-DNA:

Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid

GGPP:

Geranylgeranyl diphosphate

GGPPS:

Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase

GPP:

Geranyl diphosphate

GPPS:

Geranyl diphosphate synthase

HDR:

1-Hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate reductase

HMGR:

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

HPPD:

4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase

HPPR:

4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase

IDSs:

Isoprenyl diphosphate synthases

IPP:

Isopentenyl diphosphate

KS:

Kaurene synthase

LAB:

Lithospermic acid B

MeJA:

Methyl jasmonate

MEP:

2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate

MS:

Murashige and Skoog

MVA:

Mevalonate

NAA:

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid

NR:

NCBI nonredundant

PAL:

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

PGRs:

Plant growth regulators

RA:

Rosmarinic acid

RACE:

Rapid amplification of cDNA ends

RAS:

Rosmarinic acid synthase

RDRs:

RNA-dependent RNA polymerases

ri:

Root inducing

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

RNAi:

RNA interference

SA:

Salicylic acid

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

TAT:

Tyrosine aminotransferase

T-DNA:

Transfer DNA

TDZ:

Thidiazuron

ti:

Tumor inducing

TLC:

Thin-layer chromatography

TPS:

Terpene synthases

UV-B:

Ultraviolet-B radiation

WPM:

Woody plant medium

YE:

Yeast extract

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Acknowledgment

The authors gratefully acknowledged a research grant (NSC96-2313-B324-001 and NSC98-2811-B324-001) from the National Science Council, Taiwan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Athens, GA, 30605, USA

    Sushim Kumar Gupta

  2. Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan

    Sushim Kumar Gupta, Dinesh Chandra Agrawal & Hsin-Sheng Tsay

  3. Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India

    Poonam Sharma

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  1. Sushim Kumar Gupta
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  2. Poonam Sharma
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  3. Dinesh Chandra Agrawal
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  4. Hsin-Sheng Tsay
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Correspondence to Sushim Kumar Gupta or Hsin-Sheng Tsay .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan

    Hsin-Sheng Tsay

  2. Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Taipei, Taiwan

    Lie-Fen Shyur

  3. Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan

    Dinesh Chandra Agrawal

  4. School of Pharmacy and Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Yang-Chang Wu

  5. College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Sheng-Yang Wang

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Gupta, S.K., Sharma, P., Agrawal, D.C., Tsay, HS. (2016). Salvia miltiorrhiza: A Medicinal Herb from Metabolites to Pathway Engineering. In: Tsay, HS., Shyur, LF., Agrawal, D., Wu, YC., Wang, SY. (eds) Medicinal Plants - Recent Advances in Research and Development. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1085-9_8

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