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Biomarkers in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

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Biomarkers in Kidney Disease

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Abstract

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a podocyte-related disease and one of the common causes of idiopathic glomerulonephritis. The pathogenesis of FSGS is not well understood and still under study; however, some clues have been found regarding implications of critical signaling pathways. Diagnosis of FSGS like other glomerulopathies is based on renal biopsy. Although biopsy considered a gold standard in nephrology world for diagnosis, it is invasive and not always possible to be performed. Discovery of the biomolecules which are easily measurable, noninvasive, specific, and sensitive and their changes reflect the type and stage of the disease can simplify the diagnosis. These biomolecules are referred to as “biomarkers” and can be complementary to biopsy for faster and more accurate diagnosis. The advances in biomedicine fields and nascency of the high-throughput platforms such as proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and other related “omics” have brought the novel way of detection biomarkers in various diseases. In this review, we focus on the recently presented biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of the responsiveness to drugs for FSGS detected by different methods. However, most of the current biomarkers are still under more examination; they will be dependable complementary of traditional diagnostic methods in the future.

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Abbreviations

2DE:

Two-dimensional electrophoresis

ACE:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

ADR:

Adriamycin

ARB:

Angiotensin receptor blocker

CLCF1:

Cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1

ConA:

Concanavalin A

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

EMT:

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition

ESRD:

End-stage renal disease

FDR:

False discovery rate

FN:

Fibronectin

FSGS:

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

GBM:

Glomerular basement membrane

GC-MS:

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry

GFR:

Glomerular filtration rate

GPI:

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

IEF:

Isoelectrofocusing

IGFBP:

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein

INS:

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

LC:

Liquid chromatography

LN:

Lupus nephritis

MALDI-TOF:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight

MCD:

Minimal change disease

MCNS:

Minimal change nephrotic syndrome

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemotactic protein-1

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MMF:

Mycophenolate mofetil

MMP9:

Matrix metallopeptidase 9

MN:

Membranous nephropathy

MS:

Mass spectrometry

NGAL:

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

NOS:

Not otherwise specified

RT-qPCR:

Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction

SDS-PAGE:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

SELDI-TOF:

Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight

SRM:

Single reaction monitoring

SRNS:

Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome

SSNS:

Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome

suPAR:

Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor

TGF-ß:

Transforming growth factor-ß

TWEAK:

TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis

UPAR:

Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center (CKDRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran

    Mohsen Nafar & Shiva Kalantari

  2. Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran

    Shiva Kalantari

  3. Department of Nephrology, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran

    Mohsen Nafar

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  1. Mohsen Nafar
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  2. Shiva Kalantari
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Correspondence to Shiva Kalantari .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Nafar, M., Kalantari, S. (2015). Biomarkers in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. In: Patel, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Kidney Disease. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7743-9_4-1

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