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Circadian Clock Genes and Mood Disorders

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Melatonin, Neuroprotective Agents and Antidepressant Therapy

Abstract

Circadian clocks are driven by signals from the wild in order to match the functions of an organism with the passage of the solar day and to reset their intrinsic phase relative to external local time. A key function of the circadian clocks allows individuals to anticipate routine environmental conditions and to adjust their behaviors to the change of conditions. Clinical data have demonstrated that abnormalities in the circadian rhythms often exist in patients with mood disorders. The findings which have gained support indicate that genetic variants of CRY1 (rs2287161) and RORA (rs2028122) associate with depressive disorder; those of CRY2 (rs7121611, rs10838524, rs7945565, rs1401419) with dysthymia; those of RORA (rs782931), RORB (rs7022435, rs3750420, rs1157358, rs3903529), NR1D1 (rs2314339), and TIMELESS (rs774045) with bipolar disorder; and those of NPAS2 (rs11541353) and CRY2 (rs10838524) with seasonal affective disorder. Thus far, of these findings, two have been replicated by using independent samples. The association of CRY1 rs2287161 with depressive disorder has been replicated and that of CRY2 rs10838524 with recurrent major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern (the winter type of seasonal affective disorder) has been replicated as well. Beyond, CRY2 rs10838524 has also been associated with dysthymia. Hence, the CRY1 and CRY2 genes seem to be biological keys to depressive disorders.

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Abbreviations

ARNTL:

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like

ARNTL2:

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 2

BHLHE40:

Basic helix-loop-helix family, member E40

BHLHE41:

Basic helix-loop-helix family, member E41

CLOCK:

Clock circadian regulator

CRY1:

Cryptochrome circadian clock 1

CRY2:

Cryptochrome circadian clock 2

CSNK1E:

Casein kinase 1, epsilon

GSK3B:

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta

NPAS2:

Neuronal pas [period–aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator–single-minded] domain protein 2

NR1D1:

Nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1

PER1:

Period circadian clock 1

PER2:

Period circadian clock 2

PER3:

Period circadian clock 3

RORA:

RAR [retinoic acid receptor]-related orphan receptor A

RORB:

RAR-related orphan receptor B

RORC:

RAR-related orphan receptor C

TIMELESS:

Timeless circadian clock

VIP:

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

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  1. Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland

    Timo Partonen

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  1. Vice-Rectorate for Research and Sci, Camilo José Cela University Vice-Rectorate for Research and Sci, Madrid, Spain

    Francisco López-Muñoz

  2. International Medical Sciences Research Study Center, Sri Sathya Sai Medical Educational & Research Foundation, Coimbatore, India

    Venkataramanujam Srinivasan

  3. Department of Neurosciences and Ima, University of Chieti Department of Neurosciences and Ima, Italy, Italy

    Domenico de Berardis

  4. Department of Biomedical Sciences (Pharmacology Area), University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain

    Cecilio Álamo

  5. Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Takahiro A. Kato

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Partonen, T. (2016). Circadian Clock Genes and Mood Disorders. In: López-Muñoz, F., Srinivasan, V., de Berardis, D., Álamo, C., Kato, T. (eds) Melatonin, Neuroprotective Agents and Antidepressant Therapy. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2803-5_22

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