Zusammenfassung
Gutartige Erkrankungen der Schilddrüse betreffen Entzündungen, Hyperplasien, benigne Neoplasien sowie Funktionsstörungen; mit ca.15 Millionen Betroffenen gehören sie zu den häufigsten Erkrankungen in Deutschland. Im Gegensatz zu Entzündungen, Hyperplasien und benignen Neoplasien, die histologisch gut darstellbar sind, zeigen klinische Funktionsstörungen der Schilddrüse in der Regel sowohl qualitativ und quantitativ nur ein eingeschränktes morphologisches Korrelat. Die Ursache von Funktionsstörungen können Entzündungen, Hyperplasien und (ganz überwiegend benigne) Tumoren sein; Funktionsstörungen sind aber auch selbst die Ursache von Hyperplasien und Tumoren der Schilddrüse. Benigne Schilddrüsenerkrankungen manifestieren sich klinisch durch die von ihnen verursachten Funktionsstörungen (Hypothyreose, Hyperthyreose) und/oder durch die Folgen einer hyperplastisch und/oder neoplastisch vergrößerten Schilddrüse, wie z. B. Kompression umliegender Strukturen mit Schluckstörungen, Heiserkeit etc., aber auch kosmetische Auswirkungen.
Fast alle Tumoren der Schilddrüse sind epithelialer Natur; dementsprechend selten sind nichtepitheliale Tumoren (gutartige und bösartige mesenchymale Tumoren, maligne Lymphome u. a.). Die 4. Ausgabe der WHO-Klassifikation der Tumoren der Schilddrüse (WHO 2017) beinhaltet grundlegende Änderungen mit weitreichenden diagnostischen Konsequenzen, sowohl für die präoperative Feinnadelbiopsie, die intraoperative Gefrierschnittdiagnostik als auch die endgültige Paraffinhistologie. In die aktuelle Klassifikation (siehe Tab. 2) wurde eine Gruppe von gekapselten Tumoren („other encapsulated follicular-patterned thyroid tumours“) mit unsicherem Malignitätspotenzial aufgenommen, wobei insbesondere durch die Etablierung der „Nicht-invasive follikuläre Neoplasie mit PTC-äquivalenten Kernmerkmalen (NIFTP)“ ein entscheidender Schritt zur Verringerung der Diagnose „Schilddrüsenkrebs“ bei Tumoren mit offensichtlich biologisch indolentem Verlauf gemacht wurde. Des Weiteren erfolgte die insbesondere für eine korrekte Diagnose von gering differenzierten Schilddrüsenkarzinomen (PDTC, Volente et al. 2007) entscheidende Neubewertung der diagnostischen Kriterien „Tumornekrose“ und „Mitosezahl“ (Rosai 2017; WHO 2017). Der Einsatz der Immunhistochemie ist bei der Diagnose von Schilddrüsentumoren seit Jahrzehnten Standard; dazu erlangte aber auch die Molekularpathologie bei der Schilddrüsendiagnostik einen immer höheren Stellenwert.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Literatur
Ahmed R, Al-Shaikh S, Akhtar M (2012) Hashimoto thyroiditis: a century later. Adv Anat Pathol 19:181–186
Alvarez-Marfany M, Roman SH, Drexler AJ, Robertson C, Stagnaro-Green A (1994) Long-term prospective study of postpartum thyroid dysfunction in women with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:10–16
Alzouebi M, Goepel JR, Horsman JM, Hancock BW (2012) Primary thyroid lymphoma: the 40 year experience of a UK lymphoma treatment centre. Int J Oncol 40:2075–2080
Amin MB, Greene FL, Edge SB et al (2017) The Eighth Edition AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: Continuing to build a bridge from a population-based to a more „personalized“ approach to cancer staging. CA Cancer J Clin 67:93–99
Anand A, Singh KR, Kushwaha JK, Hussain N, Sonkar AA (2014) Papillary thyroid cancer and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: an association less understood. Indian J Surg Oncol 5:199–204
Asioli S, Erickson LA, Lloyd RV (2009) Solid cell nests in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis sharing features with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Endocr Pathol 20:197–203
Baker LJ, Gill AJ, Chan C, Lin BP, Crawford BA (2014) Parasitic thyroid nodules: cancer or not? Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2014:140027
Barbesino G, Chiovato L (2000) The genetics of Hashimoto’s disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North 29:357–374
Berger SA, Zonszein J, Villamena P, Mittman N (1983) Infectious diseases of the thyroid gland. Rev Infect Dis 5:108–122
Brauckhoff M, Machens A, Hess S et al (2008) Premonitory symptoms preceding metastatic medullary thyroid cancer in MEN 2B: an exploratory analysis. Surgery 144:1044–1050
Brierley JD, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C (2016) TNM classification of malignant tumours, 8. Aufl. Wiley Blackwell, S 51–54. (Deutsche Übersetzung: Wittekind C (2017) TNM-Klassifikation maligner Tumoren, 8. Aufl. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim)
Brix TH, Hegedüs L, Gardas A, Banga JP, Nielsen CH (2011) Monozygotic twin pairs discordant for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis share a high proportion of thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies to the immunodominant region A. Further evidence for genetic transmission of epitopic „fingerprints“. Autoimmunity 44:188–194
Bullock M, Ren Y, O’Neill C et al (2016) TERT promoter mutations are a major indicator of recurrence and death due to papillary thyroid carcinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 85:283–290
Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (2014) Integrated genomic characterization of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cell 159:676–690
Caturegli P, De Remigis A, Rose NR (2014) Hashimoto thyroiditis: clinical and diagnostic criteria. Autoimmun Rev 13:391–397
Chan JK, Albores-Saavedra J, Battifora H, Carcangiu ML, Rosai J (1991) Sclerosing mucoepidermoid thyroid carcinoma with eosinophilia. A distinctive low-grade malignancy arising from the metaplastic follicles of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Am J Surg Pathol 15:438–448
Chetty R (2011) Follicular patterned lesions of the thyroid gland: a practical algorithmic approach. J Clin Pathol 64:737–741
Dahlgren M, Khosroshahi A, Nielson GP, Deshpande V, Stone JH (2010) Riedel’s thyroiditis and multifocal fibrosclerosis are part of the IgG4-related systemic disease spectrum. Arth Care Res 62:1312–1318
DeLellis RA, Al Ghuzlan A, Albores Saavedra J et al (2017) Medullary thyroid carcinoma. In: Lloyd R, Osamura RY, Klöppel G, Rosai J (Hrsg) WHO classification of tumours of endocrine organs, 4. Aufl. IARC, Lyon, S 108–113
Derringer GA, Thompson LD, Frommelt RA, Bijwaard KE, Heffess CS, Abbondanzo SL (2000) Malignant lymphoma of the thyroid gland: a clinicopathologic study of 108 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 24:623–639
Desailloud R, Hober D (2009) Viruses and thyroiditis: an update. Virol J 6:5
Dettori T, Frau DV, Lai ML et al (2003) Aneuploidy in oncocytic lesions of the thyroid gland: diffuse accumulation of mitochondria within the cell is associated with trisomy 7 and progressive numerical chromosomal alterations. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 38:22–31
Dong YH, Fu DG (2014) Autoimmune thyroid disease: mechanism, genetics and current knowledge. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 18:3611–3618
Erdem N, Erdogan M, Ozbek M et al (2007) Demographic and clinical features of patients with subacute thyroiditis: results of 169 patients from a single university center in Turkey. J Endocrinol Investig 30:546–550
Erickson LA, Jalal SM, Goellner JR et al (2001) Analysis of Hurthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. Am J Surg Pathol 25:911–917
Evans HL (1984) Follicular neoplasms of the thyroid. A study of 44 cases followed for a minimum of 10 years, with emphasis on differential diagnosis. Cancer 54:535–540
Evans HL (1987) Encapsulated papillary neoplasms of the thyroid. A study of 14 cases followed for a minimum of 10 years. Am J Surg Pathol 11:592–597
Falvo L, Giacomelli L, Vanni B, Marzollo A, Guerriero G, De Antoni E (2006) Papillary thyroid carcinoma in thyroglossal duct cyst: case reports and literature review. Int Surg 91:141–146
Frank TS, LiVolsi VA, Connor AM (1987) Cytomegalovirus infection of the thyroid in immunocompromised adults. Yale J Biol Med 60:1–8
Frank-Raue K, Machens A, Leidig-Bruckner G et al (2013) Prevalence and clinical spectrum of nonsecretory medullary thyroid carcinoma in a series of 839 patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 23:294–300
Führer D, Musholt T, Schmid KW (2017) Molecular pathogenesis of thyroid nodules: relevance for clinical care. Laryngorhinootologie 96:590–596
Ganly I, Ricarte Filho J, Eng S et al (2013) Genomic dissection of Hurthle cell carcinoma reveals a unique class of thyroid malignancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:E962–E972
Golshan MM, McHenry CR, de Vente J, Kalajyian RC, Hsu RM, Tomashefski JF (1997) Acute suppurative thyroiditis and necrosis of the thyroid gland: a rare endocrine manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Surgery 121:593–596
González-González A, Mate LA, Cabra JE (2008) Parasitic thyroid nodule in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Endocrinol Nutr 55:301–303
Gopal RA, Acharya SV, Bandgar T, Menon PS, Marfatia H, Shah NS (2009) Clinical profile of ectopic thyroid in Asian Indians: a single-center experience. Endocr Pract 15:322–325
Graff-Baker A, Sosa JA, Roman SA (2010) Primary thyroid lymphoma: a review of recent developments in diagnosis and histology-driven treatment. Curr Opin Oncol 22:17–22
Groot L de, Abalovich M, Alexander EK, et al. (2012) Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:2543–2565
Hales M, Rosenau W, Okerlund MD, Galante M (1982) Carcinoma of the thyroid with a mixed medullary and follicular pattern: morphologic, immunohistochemical, and clinical laboratory studies. Cancer 50:1352–1359
Harach HR, Wilander E, Grimelius L, Bergholm U, Westermark P, Falkmer S (1992) Chromogranin A immunoreactivity compared with argyrophilia, calcitonin immunoreactivity, and amyloid as tumour markers in the histopathological diagnosis of medullary (C-cell) thyroid carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 188:123–130
Harach HR, Williams ED (1990) The pathology of granulomatous diseases of the thyroid gland. Sarcoidosis 7:19–27
Hashimoto H (1912) Zur Kenntnis der lymphomatösen Veränderung der Schilddrüse (Struma lymphomatosa). Arch Klin Chir 97:219–248
Holm R, Sobrinho-Simões M, Nesland JM, Sambade C, Johannessen JV (1987) Medullary thyroid carcinoma with thyroglobulin immunoreactivity. A special entity? Lab Invest 57:258–268
Jin A, Xu J, Wang Y (2018) The role of TERT promoter mutations in postoperative and preoperative diagnosis and prognosis in thyroid cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 97:e11548
Karges W (2005) Klinische und molekulare Genetik des Schilddrüsenkarzinoms. Onkologe 11:20–28
Karges W (2010) Kalzitoninbestimmung zur Frühdiagnose des medullären Schilddrüsenkarzinoms. Chirurg 81:620–626
Katoh R, Ishizaki T, Tomichi N, Yagawa K, Kurihara H (1989) Malacoplakia of the thyroid gland. Am J Clin Pathol 92:813–820
Komminoth P (1997) The RET proto-oncogene in medullary and papillary thyroid carcinoma. Molecular features, pathophysiology and clinical implications. Virchows Arch 431:1–9
Koperek O, Scheuba C, Cherenko M et al (2008) Desmoplasia in medullary thyroid carcinoma: a reliable indicator of metastatic potential. Histopathology 52:623–630
Kunstman JW, Juhlin CC, Goh G et al (2015) Characterization of the mutational landscape of anaplastic thyroid cancer via whole-exome sequencing. Hum Mol Genet 24:2318–2312
Landa I, Ganly I, Chan TA et al (2013) Frequent somatic TERT promoter mutations in thyroid cancer: higher prevalence in advanced forms of the disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:E1562–E1566
Landa I, Ibrahimpasic T, Boucai L et al (2016) Genomic and transcriptomic hallmarks of poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers. J Clin Invest 126:1052–1066
Langhans T (1907) Über die epithelialen Formen der Struma maligna. Virchows Archiv 189:69–152
Larsimont D, Hamels J, Fortunati D (1993) Thyroid-gland malakoplakia with autoimmune thyroiditis. Histopathology 23:491–494
Latteyer S, Tiedje V, König K et al (2016) Targeted next-generation sequencing for TP53, RAS, BRAF, ALK and NF1 mutations in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Endocrine 54:733–741
Lazarus JH, Ammari F, Oretti R, Parkes AB, Richards CJ, Harris B (1997) Clinical aspects of recurrent postpartum thyroiditis. Br J Gen Pract 47:305–308
Lecuit M, Caumes E, Bricaire F, Gatineau M, Ménégaux F, Gentilini M (1995) Acute suppurative Salmonella enteritidis thyroiditis associated with thyrotoxicosis in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 20:196
Liu R, Xing M (2016) TERT promoter mutations in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 23:R143–R155
Liu X, Bishop J, Shan Y et al (2013) Highly prevalent TERT promoter mutations in aggressive thyroid cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 20:603–610
LiVolsi VA (1990) Surgical pathology of the thyroid. Major problems in pathology, Bd 22. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia
LiVolsi V, DeLellis R, Komminoth P et al (2017) Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. In: Lloyd R, Osamura RY, Klöppel G, Rosai J (Hrsg) WHO classification of tumours of endocrine organs, 4. Aufl. IARC, Lyon, S 248–252
Lloyd RV (1995) RET proto-oncogene mutations and rearrangements in endocrine diseases. Am J Pathol 147:1539–1544
Lloyd RV, Douglas BR, Young WF (2002) Thyroid gland. In: Endocrine diseases. Atlas of nontumor pathology. AFIP, First Series, Fascicle 1, S 91–169
Machens A, Schmid KW, Dralle H (2019) Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma. In: Shiffrin AL (Hrsg) Advances in diagnosis and treatment in surgical endocrinology. Elsevier, St. Louis, S 11–25
Martin JM, Randhawa G, Temple WJ (1986) Cervical thymoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110:354–357
Máximo V, Botelho T, Capela J et al (2005) Somatic and germline mutation in GRIM-19, a dual function gene involved in mitochondrial metabolism and cell death, is linked to mitochondrion-rich (Hurthle cell) tumours of the thyroid. Br J Cancer 92:1892–1898
Meister P, Vorländer C, Hartmann S, Hansmann ML (2016) Paratrachealer Knoten mit Karzinomverdacht. Pathologe 37:473–476
Melo M, da Rocha AG, Vinagre J et al (2014) TERT promoter mutations are a major indicator of poor outcome in differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:E754–E765
Melo M, da Rocha AG, Vinagre J, Sobrinho-Simões M, Soares P (2015) Coexistence of TERT promoter and BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid carcinoma: added value in patient prognosis? J Clin Oncol 33:667–668
Mincer DL, Jialal I (2020) Hashimoto thyroiditis. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)
Moreno A, Rodriguez JM, Sola J, Soria T, Parrilla P (1996) Encapsulated papillary neoplasm of the thyroid: retrospective clinicopathological study with long term follow up. Eur J Surg 162:177–180
Motamed M, McGlashan JA (2004) Thyroglossal duct carcinoma. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 12:106–109
Musholt TJ, Clerici T, Dralle H et al (2011) German Association of Endocrine Surgeons practice guidelines for the surgical treatment of benign thyroid disease. Langenbecks Arch Surg 396:639–649
Nikiforov YE, Seethala RR, Tallini G et al (2016) Nomenclature revision for encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a paradigm shift to reduce overtreatment of indolent tumors. JAMA Oncol 2:1023–1029
Nikiforov YE, Baloch ZW, Hodak SP et al (2018) Change in diagnostic criteria for noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features. JAMA Oncol 4:1125–1126
Ogawa E, Katsushima Y, Fujiwara I, Iinuma K (2003) Subacute thyroiditis in children: patient report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 16:897–900
Oliveira Filho JR de, de Nadai TR (2014) Parasitic thyroid nodules in patient with nontoxic multinodular goiter: a case report. J Med Case Rep 8:66
Ord WM (1878) On myxoedema, a term proposed to be applied to an essential condition in the cretinoid infection observed in middle aged women. Med Chir Trans 61:57–78
Papi G, LiVolsi V (2004) Current concepts on Riedel Thyreoiditis. Am J Clin Pathol 121:S50–S63
Pearce EN, Farwell AP, Braverman LE (2003) Thyroiditis. N Engl J Med 348:2646–2655
Peretz A, Leiberman E, Kapelushnik J, Hershkovitz E (2004) Thyroglossal duct carcinoma in children: case presentation and review of the literature. Thyroid 14:777–785
Pfaltz M, Hedinger CE, Mühlethaler JP (1983) Mixed medullary and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 400:53–59
Ponder BAJ (2002) Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. In: Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (Hrsg) The genetic basis of human cancer, 2. Aufl. McGraw-Hill, New York, S 501–513
Pyzik A, Grywalska E, Matyjaszek-Matuszek B, Roliński J (2015) Immune disorders in Hashimoto's thyroiditis: what do we know so far? J Immunol Res 979:167
Raue F, Frank-Raue K (2009) Genotype-phenotype relationship in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Implications for clinical management. Hormones (Athens) 8:23–28
Rosai J (2017) Introduction. WHO Classification of Tumours of Endocrine Organs. In: Lloyd R, Osamura RY, Klöppel G, Rosai J (Hrsg) Tumours of the thyroid gland, 4. Aufl. IARC, Lyon, S 68
Rosai J, DeLellis RA, Carcangiu ML, Frable WJ, Tallini G (2014) AFIP atlas of tumor pathology. 4th Series, Fascicle 21. Tumors of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. American Registry of Pathology, Silver Spring
Sakaihara M1, Yamada H, Kato EH et al (2000) Postpartum thyroid dysfunction in women with normal thyroid function during pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 53:487–492
Scheuba C, Kaserer K, Kotzmann H, Bieglmayer C, Niederle B, Vierhapper H (2000) Prevalence of C-cell hyperplasia in patients with normal basal and pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin. Thyroid 10:413–416
Scheuba C, Kaserer K, Kaczirek K, Asari R, Niederle B (2006) Desmoplastic stromal reaction in medullary thyroid cancer-an intraoperative „marker“ for lymph node metastases. World J Surg 30:853–859
Schmid KW (1993) Subacute granulomatous (deQuervain’s) thyroiditis. Am Soc Clin Pathol, Check Sample Continuing Education Program AP 93-7:1–4
Schmid KW (2015) Histopathology of C cells and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Recent Results Cancer Res 204:41–60
Schmid KW (2019) Warum muss ein Schilddrüsentumor als Karzinom klassifiziert werden, wenn er sich biologisch nicht wie Krebs verhält? Die „nicht-invasive follikuläre Neoplasie mit PTC-äquivalenten Kernmerkmalen (NIFTP)“ als Vorbild. Onkologe 25:580–589
Schmid KW, Ensinger C (1998) „Atypical“ medullary thyroid carcinoma with little or no calcitonin expression. Virchows Arch 433:209–215
Schmid KW, Sheu-Grabellus SY (2016) Schilddrüse. In: Amann K, Kain R, Klöppel G (Hrsg) Pathologie. Urogenitale und Endokrine Organe, Gelenke und Skelett. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg
Schmid KW, Ting S, Sheu SY (2010) Familial thyroid carcinomas. Pathologe 31:485–488
Schmid KW, Synoracki S, Dralle H, Wittekind C (2018) Vorschlag zu einer erweiterten pTNM-Klassifikation der Schilddrüsenkarzinome. Kommentar zu Defiziten der 8. Auflage der TNM-Klassifikation. Pathologe 39:49–56
Schmitz KJ, Baumgaertel MW, Schmidt C, Sheu SY, Betzler M, Schmid KW (2008) Wegener’s granulomatosis in the thyroid mimicking a tumour. Virchows Arch 452:571–574
Schröder S, Böcker W, Dralle H, Kortmann KB, Stern C (1984) The encapsulated papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. A morphologic subtype of the papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 54:90–93
Shafique K, LiVolsi VA, Montone K, Baloch ZW (2018) Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: reclassification to non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP): a retrospective clinicopathologic study. Endocr Pathol 29:339–345
Shahi N, Abdelhamid MF, Jindall M, Awad RW (2010) Riedel’s thyroiditis masquerading as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a case report. J Med Case Rep 4:15
Sheu SY, Levin S, Schmid KW (2006) Therapiebedingte Veränderungen der Schilddrüse. Pathologe 27:13–18
Sheu SY, Schmid KW (2003) Entzündungen der Schilddrüse. Pathologe 24:339–347
Sheu SY, Schmid KW (2010) Multiple endocrine Neoplasien Typ 2. Pathologe 31:449–454. Erratum in (2011). Pathologe 32:82
Shimizu M, Hirokawa M, Manabe T (1999) Parasitic nodule of the thyroid in a patient with Graves’ disease. Virchows Arch 434:241–244
Stein SA, Wartofsky L (2013) Primary thyroid lymphoma: a clinical review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:3131–3138
Synoracki S, Ting S, Siebolts U, Dralle H, Koperek O, Schmid KW (2015) Intraoperativer Gefrierschnitt der Schilddrüse. Pathologe 36:362–371
Synoracki S, Ting S, Schmid KW (2016) Entzündungen der Schilddrüse. Pathologe 37:215–223
Theurer S, Wittekind C, Dralle H, Schmid KW (2017) Definition der R1-Resektion bei Schilddrüsenkarzinomen. Chirurg 88:740–747
Theurer S, Siebolts U, Lorenz K, Dralle H, Schmid KW (2018) Ektopes Gewebe der Schilddrüse und der Nebenschilddrüsen. Pathologe 39:379–389
Theurer S, Dralle H, Führer-Sakel D, Herrmann K, Schmid KW (2019) Morphologische Diagnosekriterien der nichtinvasiven follikulären Neoplasie mit PTC-äquivalenten Kernmerkmalen (NIFTP): Eine diagnostische Herausforderung zum Nutzen des Patienten. Pathologe 40:220–226
Theurer S, Rawitzer J, Schmid KW (2020) Pathologie und molekulares Profil differenzierter Schilddrüsenkarzinome. Chirurg 91:999–1006
Ting S, Synoracki S, Schmid KW (2015) Die C-Zellen der Schilddrüse und ihre Pathologie: Teil 1: Normale C-Zellen – Hyperplasie der C-Zellen – Präkanzerose des familiären medullären Karzinoms. Pathologe 36:246–253
Torres-Montaner A, Beltrán M, Romero de la Osa A, Oliva H (2001) Sarcoma of the thyroid region mimicking Riedel’s thyroiditis. J Clin Pathol 54:570–572
Travaglino A, Pace M, Varricchio S et al (2020) Hashimoto thyroiditis in primary thyroid non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol 153:156–164
Tunbridge WM, Evered DC, Hall R et al (1977) The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 7:481–493
Vailati A, Marena C, Aristia L et al (1993) Sarcoidosis of the thyroid: report of a case and a review of the literature. Sarcoidosis 10:66–68
Vargas PA, Bernardi FD, Alves VA et al (2000) Uncommon histopathological findings in fatal measles infection: pancreatitis, sialoadenitis and thyroiditis. Histopathology 37:141–146
Vierhapper H, Raber W, Bieglmayer C, Kaserer K, Weinhäusl A, Niederle B (1997) Routine measurement of plasma calcitonin in nodular thyroid diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1589–1593
Volante M, Collini P, Nikiforov YE et al (2007) Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: the Turin proposal for the use of uniform diagnostic criteria and an algorithmic diagnostic approach. Am J Surg Pathol 31:1256–1264
Volante M, Hunt JL, Komminoth P et al (2017) Mixed medullary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. WHO Classification of Tumours of Endocrine Organs. In: Lloyd R, Osamura RY, Klöppel G, Rosai J (Hrsg) Tumours of the thyroid gland, 4. Aufl. IARC, Lyon, S 114–116
Vollenweider I, Hedinger C (1988) Solid cell nests (SCN) in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 412:357–363
Wada N, Duh QY, Miura D, Brunaud L, Wong MG, Clark OH (2002) Chromosomal aberrations by comparative genomic hybridization in hürthle cell thyroid carcinomas are associated with tumor recurrence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4595–4601
Wan SK, Chan JK, Tang SK (1996) Paucicellular variant of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. A mimic of Reidel’s thyroiditis. Am J Clin Pathol 105:388–393
Weetman AP (2012) The immunopathogenesis of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis one century after Hashimoto. Eur Thyroid J 1:243–250
Wells SA Jr, Asa SL, Dralle H et al (2015) American Thyroid Association guidelines task force on medullary thyroid carcinoma. Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 25:567–610
WHO Classification of Tumours (2004) Pathology & genetics. Tumours of endocrine organs. In: RA DL, Lloyd RV, Heitz PU, Eng C (Hrsg) Histological classification of thyroid and parathyroid tumours. IARC Press, Lyon, S 49–123
WHO Classification of Tumours of Endocrine Organs (2017) In: Lloyd R, Osamura RY, Klöppel G, Rosai J (Hrsg) Tumours of the thyroid gland, 4. Aufl. IARC, Lyon, S 65–143
Williams ED, Toyn CE, Harach HR (1989) The ultimobranchial gland and congenital thyroid abnormalities in man. J Pathol 159:135–141
Xing M, Haugen BR, Schlumberger M (2013) Progress in molecular-based management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Lancet 381:1058–1069
Xing M, Liu R, Liu X et al (2014) BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations cooperatively identify the most aggressive papillary thyroid cancer with highest recurrence. J Clin Oncol 32:2718–2726
Xu B, Farhat N, Barletta JA et al (2018) Should subcentimeter non-invasive encapsulated, follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma be included in the noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features category? Endocrine 59:143–150
Zhang Y, Yu J, Lee C et al (2015) Genomic binding and regulation of gene expression by the thyroid carcinoma-associated PAX8-PPARG fusion protein. Oncotarget 6:40418–40432
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Der/die Autor(en), exklusiv lizenziert an Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE, ein Teil von Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schmid, K.W. (2023). Pathologie der benignen und malignen Schilddrüsenveränderungen – was der endokrine Chirurg wissen sollte. In: Bartsch, D.K., Holzer, K. (eds) Endokrine Chirurgie. Springer Reference Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63317-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63317-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-63316-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-63317-5
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)