Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Frozen Shoulder: Etiology (Idiopathic)

  • Chapter
Shoulder Stiffness

  • 2124 Accesses

Abstract

Primary frozen shoulder is considered a diagnosis for all cases for which an underlying etiology or associated condition cannot be identified. The secondary types of frozen shoulder include all the associated condition that can be identified as diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hypoadrenalism, previous ipsilateral breast surgery, cervical radiculopathy chest wall tumor, previous cerebrovascular accident, or more local extrinsic problems, including previous humeral shaft fracture, scapulothoracic abnormalities, acromioclavicular arthritis, or clavicle fracture.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Zuckerman JD, Rokito A. Frozen shoulder: a consensus definition. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011;20(2):322–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Herbut PA, Watson JS. Tumor of the thoracic inlet producing the Pancoast syndrome. A report of seventeen cases and a review of the literature. Arch Pathol. 1946;42:88–103.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bannwarth B. Drug-induced musculoskeletal disorders. Drug Saf. 2007;30(1):27–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bowman CA, Jeffcoate WJ, Pattrick M, Doherty M. Bilateral adhesive capsulitis, oligoarthritis and proximal myopathy as presentation of hypothyroidism. Br J Rheumatol. 1988;27(1):62–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bridgman JF. Periarthritis of the shoulder and diabetes mellitus. Ann Rheum Dis. 1972;31:69–71.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Engleman RM. Shoulder pain as a presenting complaint in upper lobe bronchogenic carcinoma. Report of 21 cases. Conn Med. 1966;30:273–6.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Good AE, Green RA, Zarafonetis CJ. Rheumatic symptoms during tuberculosis therapy. A manifestation of isoniazid toxicity? Ann Intern Med. 1965;63(5):800–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Griffin JW. Hemiplegic shoulder pain. Phys Ther. 1986;66(12):1884–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Johnson JT. Frozen-shoulder syndrome in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1959;41(5):877–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Minter 3rd WT. The shoulder–hand syndrome in coronary disease. J Med Assoc Ga. 1967;56(2):45–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Oldham BE. Periarthritis of the shoulder associated with thyrotoxicosis. A report of five cases. N Z Med J. 1959;58:766–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Tighe CB, Oakley Jr WS. The prevalence of a diabetic condition and of the shoulder. South Med J. 2008;101:591–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Huang YP, Fann CY, Chiu YH, et al. Association of diabetes mellitus with the risk of developing adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: a longitudinal population-based followup study. Arthritis Care Res. 2013;65:1197–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Balci N, Balci MK, Tuzuner S. Shoulder adhesive capsulitis and shoulder range of motion in type II diabetes mellitus: association with diabetic complications. J Diabetes Complications. 1999;13:135–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Arkkila PE, Kantolo IM, Viikari JS, Ronnemaa T. Shoulder capsulitis in type I and II diabetic patients: association with diabetic complications and relate diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 1996;55:907–14.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Yian EH, Contreras R, Sodl JF. Effects of glycemic control on prevalence of diabetic frozen shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:919–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Austin DC, Gans I, Park MJ, et al. The association of metabolic syndrome markers with adhesive capsulitis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014;23(7):1043–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ryu JD, Kirpalani PA, Kim JM, Nam KH, Han CW, Han SH. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis in the diabetic frozen shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2006;15:679–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bunker TD, Anthony PP. The pathology of frozen shoulder. A Dupuytren-like disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995;77:677–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kado S, Nagata N. Circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1999;46:143–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kim YS, Kim JM, Lee YB, et al. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54) is increased in adhesive capsulitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:e181–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kabbabe B, Ramkumar S, Richardson M. Cytogenic analysis of the pathology of frozen shoulder. Int J Shoulder Surg. 2010;4:75–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kilian O, Kriegsmann J, Berghauser K, et al. The frozen shoulder. Arthroscopy, histological findings and transmission electron microscopy imaging. (Article in German). Chirurg. 2001;11:1303–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Roh YH, Yi SR, Noh JH, et al. Intra-articular corticosteroid injection in diabetic patients with adhesive capsulitis: a randomized controlled trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;20:1947–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Habib GS, Abu-Ahmad R. Lack of effect of corticosteroid injection at the shoulder joint on blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26:566–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kallock E, Heher JO, Safranek S. Clinical inquiries. Do intra-articular steroid injections affect glycemic control in patients with diabetes? J Fam Pract. 2010;59:709–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Pineda C, Arana B, Martinez-Lavin M, Dabague J. Frozen shoulder triggered by cardiac catheterization via the brachial artery. Am J Med. 1994;96(1):90–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Nicholson GP. Arthroscopic capsular release for stiff shoulders: effect of etiology on outcomes. Arthroscopy. 2003;19(1):40–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Burke MC, Drinan K, Kopp DE, et al. Frozen shoulder syndrome associated with subpectoral defibrillator implantation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 1999;3(3):253–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Tuten HR, Young DC, Douoguih WA, et al. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder in male cardiac surgery patients. Orthopedics. 2000;23(7):693–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Cheville AL, Tchou J. Barriers to rehabilitation following surgery for primary breast cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2007;95(5):409–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Haggart GE, Dignam RJ, Sullivan TS. Management of the frozen shoulder. JAMA. 1956;161(13):1219–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Neviaser RJ. Painful conditions affecting the shoulder. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983;173:63–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Simon WH. Soft tissue disorders of the shoulder. Frozen shoulder, calcific tendinitis, and bicipital tendinitis. Orthop Clin North Am. 1975;6(2):521–39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Binder AL, Bulgen DY, Hazleman BL, et al. Frozen shoulder: an arthrographic and radionuclear scan assessment. Ann Rheum Dis. 1984;43(3):365–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wright V, Haq AM. Periarthritis of the shoulder. I. Aetiological considerations with particular reference to personality factors. Ann Rheum Dis. 1976;35(3):213–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Meulengracht E, Schwartz: M. The course and prognosis of periarthrosis humeroscapularis with special regard to cases with general symptoms. Acta Med Scand. 1952;143(5):350–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Summers GD, Gorman WP. Bilateral adhesive capsulitis and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Br J Rheumatol. 1989;28(5):451.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Wohlgethan JM. Frozen shoulder in hyperthyroidism. Arthritis Rheum. 1987;30(8):936–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Askey JM. The syndrome of painful disability of the shoulder and hand complicating coronary occlusion. Am Heart J. 1941;22:1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Boyle-Walker KL, Gabard DL, Bietsch E, et al. A profile of patients with adhesive capsulitis. J Hand Ther. 1997;10(3):222–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ernstene AC, Kinell J. Pain in the shoulder as a sequel to myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 1940;66:800–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. McLaughlin H. On the frozen shoulder. Bull Hosp Joint Dis. 1951;12(2):383–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bunker TD, Esler CN. Frozen shoulder and lipids. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995;77(5):684–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Saha NC. Painful shoulder in patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1966;94(3):455–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Neviaser JS. Arthrography of the shoulder joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1962;44:1321–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Robinson D, Halperin N, Agar G, et al. Shoulder girdle neoplasms mimicking frozen shoulder syndrome. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12(5):451–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Watanabe T, Suenaga N, Minami A. Extra-abdominal desmoid around the shoulder joint: one of the differential diagnoses of frozen shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13(1):90–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Riley D, Lang AE, Blair RD, et al. Frozen shoulder and other shoulder disturbances in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52(1):63–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bohannon RW, Larkin PA, Smith MB, Horton MG. Shoulder pain in hemiplegia: statistical relationship with five variables. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67(8):514–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Wanklyn P, Forster A, Young J. Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP): natural history and investigation of associated features. Disabil Rehabil. 1996;18(10):497–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Billey T, Dromer C, Vedrenne C, et al. Parsonage–Turner syndrome complicated by sympathetic dystrophy syndrome with adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Apropos of 2 cases. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic. 1992;59(11):765–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Grasland A, Ziza JM, Raguin G, et al. Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder and treatment with protease inhibitors in patients with human immuno-deficiency virus infection: report of 8 cases. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(11):2642–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. De Ponti A, Vigano MG, Taverna E, Sansone V. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder in human immunodeficiency virus–positive patients during highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2006;15(2):188–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Leone J, Beguinot I, Dehlinger V, et al. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder induced by protease inhibitor therapy. Three new cases. Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1998;65(12):800–1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Peyriere H, Mauboussin JM, Rouanet I, et al. Frozen shoulder in HIV patients treated with indinavir: report of three cases. AIDS. 1999;13(16):2305–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Zabraniecki L, Doub A, Mularczyk M, et al. Frozen shoulder: a new delayed complication of protease inhibitor therapy? Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1998;65(1):72–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Freiss S, Lecocq J, Isner ME, Vautravers P. Frozen shoulder and fluoroquinolones. Two case reports. Joint Bone Spine. 2000;67(3):245–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Hakim AJ, Cherkas LF, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. Genetic associations between frozen shoulder and tennis elbow: a female twin study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003;42(6):739–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Codman EA. The shoulder. Rupture of the supraspinatus tendon and other lesions in or about the subacromial bursa. Boston: T. Todd Company, printers; 1934. p. 216–24, Privately printed.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Grey RG. The natural history of “idiopathic” frozen shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978;60(4):564.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Shaffer B, Tibone JE, Kerlane RK. Frozen shoulder. A long term follow up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74(5):738–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hsu J, Anakwenze L, Warrenderb W. Current review of adhesive capsulitis Inflammatory cytokines are overexpressed in the subacromial bursa of frozen shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2013;22(5):666–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Neviaser JS. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Study of pathological findings in periarthritis of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg. 1945;27A:211–22.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Dierks RL, Stevens M. Gentle thawing of frozen shoulder: a prospective study of supervised neglect versus intensive physical therapy in seventy-seven patients with frozen shoulder syndrome followed up for two years. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13(5):499–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Mattson RH, Cramer JA, McCutchen CB. Barbiturate-related connective tissue disorders. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149(4):911–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Witte S, Bonnet F, Bonarek M, et al. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder in an HIV patient treated with nelfinavir. AIDS. 2002;16(9):1307–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Brue S, Valentin A, Forssblad M, Werner S, Mikkelsen C, Cerulli G. Idiopathic adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: a review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007;15(8):1048–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Bulgen DY, Hazelman BL, Voak D. HLA B27 and frozen shoulder. Lancet. 1976;1(7968):1042–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Bunker TD, Reilly J, Baird KS, Hamblen DL. Expression of growth factors, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in frozen shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000;82(5):768–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Lundberg J. The frozen shoulder. Clinical and radiographical observations. The effect of manipulation under general anesthesia. Structure and glycosaminoglycan content of the joint capsule. Local bone metabolism. Acta Orthop Scand. 1969;119:1–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Rizk TE, Christopher RP, Pinais RS. Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder): a new approach to its management. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1983;64:29–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ozaki J, Yoshiyuki N, Sakurai G, et al. Recalcitrant chronic adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71-A:1511–5.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Bulgen DY, Binder A, Hazelman BL, et al. Immunological studies in frozen shoulder. J Rheumatol. 1982;9(6):893–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Debeer P, Franssens F, Roosen I, Dankaerts W, Claes L. Frozen shoulder and the Big Five personality traits. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014;23(2):221–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Fleming A, Dodman S, Beer TC, Crown S. Personality in frozen shoulder. Ann Rheum Dis. 1975;35(5):456–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Evergreen Orthopedic Clinic, Kirkland, WA, USA

    Richard Angelo

  2. Sports and Traumatology Center, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Alberto de Castro Pochini, Carlos Vicente Andreoli & Benno Ejnisman

Authors
  1. Richard Angelo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alberto de Castro Pochini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Carlos Vicente Andreoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Benno Ejnisman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alberto de Castro Pochini .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

    Eiji Itoi

  2. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Instituto Argentino de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Guillermo Arce

  3. Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Gregory I. Bain

  4. Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Groningen Sports Medicine Center, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Ronald L. Diercks

  5. Taos Orthopaedic Institute Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Taos, New Mexico, USA

    Dan Guttmann

  6. Orthpaedic Sports Medicine, University of Munich Hospital Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany

    Andreas B. Imhoff

  7. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, Farmington, Connecticut, USA

    Augustus D. Mazzocca

  8. Funabashi Orthopaedic Sports Med Cn Shoulder & Elbow Service, Chiba, Japan

    Hiroyuki Sugaya

  9. Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea, Republic of (South Korea)

    Yon-Sik Yoo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 ISAKOS

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Angelo, R., de Castro Pochini, A., Andreoli, C.V., Ejnisman, B. (2015). Frozen Shoulder: Etiology (Idiopathic). In: Itoi, E., et al. Shoulder Stiffness. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46370-3_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46370-3_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-46369-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-46370-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation