Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Frozen Shoulder

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinical and Radiological Examination of the Shoulder Joint

  • 431 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter, a summary of original descriptions, terminology, etiology, incidence, clinical presentation, and management of frozen shoulder and its idiopathic type referred to as adhesive capsulitis is provided. Role of comorbidities and association with autoimmune conditions, endocrinological, rheumatological, and autoimmune conditions that are known to increase the risk of developing a frozen shoulder are discussed. The plain radiographic findings of this condition are often unremarkable but may show subtle changes such as osteoporosis and calcified tendinitis. Considering frozen shoulder may be a secondary presentation of a number of serious conditions such as septic arthritis or metastasis of a malignant tumor, the differential diagnoses should be carefully ruled out. A brief description of nonsurgical and surgical management of primary frozen shoulder is provided at the end of the chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Duplay ES. De la periarthritis scapulohumerale et des radieurs de l'epaule quien son la consequence. Arch Gen Med. 1872;20:513–42.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Wright V, Haq AM. Periarthritis of the shoulder. I. Aetiological considerations with particular reference to personality factors. Ann Rheum Dis. 1976;35(3):213–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Codman EA. The shoulder, rupture of the supraspinatus tendon and other lesions in or about the subacromial Bursa. Boston: Todd Thomas; 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Neviaser JS. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1945;27(2):211–22.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Lee JC, Sykes C, Saifuddin A, Connell D. Adhesive capsulitis: sonographic changes in the rotator cuff interval with arthroscopic correlation. Skelet Radiol. 2005;34(9):522–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Wiley AM. Arthroscopic appearance of frozen shoulder. Arthroscopy. 1991;7(2):138–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Connell D, Padmanabhan R, Buchbinder R. Adhesive capsulitis: role of MR imaging in differential diagnosis. Eur Radiol. 2002;12(8):2100–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sofka CM, Ciavarra GA, Hannafin JA, Cordasco FA, Potter HG. Magnetic resonance imaging of adhesive capsulitis: correlation with clinical staging. HSS J. 2008;4(2):164–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Neer CS 2nd, Satterlee CC, Dalsey RM, Flatow EL. The anatomy and potential effects of contracture of the coracohumeral ligament. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;280:182–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kim KC, Rhee KJ, Shin HD. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: dimensions of the rotator interval measured with magnetic resonance arthrography. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2009;18(3):437–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Ozaki J, Nakagawa Y, Sakurai G, Tamai S. Recalcitrant chronic adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Role of contracture of the coracohumeral ligament and rotator interval in pathogenesis and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71(10):1511–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bunker TD, Anthony PP. The pathology of frozen shoulder. A Dupuytren-like disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995;77(5):677–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bunker TD. Time for a new name for 'frozen shoulder'. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1985;290(6477):1233–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Abrassart S, Kolo F, Piotton S, Chih-Hao Chiu J, Stirling P, Hoffmeyer P, et al. 'Frozen shoulder' is ill-defined. How can it be described better? EFORT Open Rev. 2020;5(5):273–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Lewis J. Frozen shoulder contracture syndrome—aetiology, diagnosis and management. Man Ther. 2015;20(1):2–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Zuckerman JD, Rokito A. Frozen shoulder: a consensus definition. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2011;20(2):322–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Jump CM, Duke K, Malik RA, Charalambous CP. Frozen shoulder: a systematic review of cellular, molecular, and metabolic findings. JBJS Rev. 2021;9(1):e19.00153.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Matei M, Brie S, Dumitru F. Left scapulohumeral periarthritis associated with coronary disease. Viata Med Rev Inf Prof Stiint Cadrelor Medii Sanit. 1987;35(12):275–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Welfling J. Periarthritis of the shoulder and cardiovascular diseases. Coeur Med Interne. 1963;58:431–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cucchi D, Marmotti A, De Giorgi S, Costa A, D'Apolito R, Conca M, et al. Risk factors for shoulder stiffness: current concepts. Joints. 2017;5(4):217–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Rizk TE, Christopher RP, Pinals RS, Salazar JE, Higgins C. Arthrographic studies in painful hemiplegic shoulders. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1984;65(5):254–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Riley D, Lang AE, Blair RD, Birnbaum A, Reid B. Frozen shoulder and other shoulder disturbances in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52(1):63–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Wong CK, Levine WN, Deo K, Kesting RS, Mercer EA, Schram GA, et al. Natural history of frozen shoulder: fact or fiction? A systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2017;103(1):40–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Binder AI, Bulgen DY, Hazleman BL, Roberts S. Frozen shoulder: a long-term prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis. 1984;43(3):361–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Reeves B. The natural history of the frozen shoulder syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol. 1975;4(4):193–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Shaffer B, Tibone JE, Kerlan RK. Frozen shoulder. A long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74(5):738–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Levine WN, Kashyap CP, Bak SF, Ahmad CS, Blaine TA, Bigliani LU. Nonoperative management of idiopathic adhesive capsulitis. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2007;16(5):569–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hand C, Clipsham K, Rees JL, Carr AJ. Long-term outcome of frozen shoulder. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2008;17(2):231–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Kingston K, Curry EJ, Galvin JW, Li X. Shoulder adhesive capsulitis: epidemiology and predictors of surgery. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2018;27(8):1437–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Lloyd-Roberts GC, French PR. Periarthritis of the shoulder: a study of the disease and its treatment. Br Med J. 1959;1(5137):1569–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Robinson CM, Seah KT, Chee YH, Hindle P, Murray IR. Frozen shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94(1):1–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Mezian K, Coffey R, Chang KV. Frozen Shoulder. StatPearls Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing LLC; 2021.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hakim AJ, Cherkas LF, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. Genetic associations between frozen shoulder and tennis elbow: a female twin study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003;42(6):739–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Smith SP, Devaraj VS, Bunker TD. The association between frozen shoulder and Dupuytren's disease. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2001;10(2):149–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Prodromidis AD, Charalambous CP. Is there a genetic predisposition to frozen shoulder?: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JBJS Rev. 2016;4:2. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.RVW.O.00007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Thomas SJ, McDougall C, Brown ID, Jaberoo MC, Stearns A, Ashraf R, et al. Prevalence of symptoms and signs of shoulder problems in people with diabetes mellitus. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2007;16(6):748–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Fisher L, Kurtz A, Shipley M. Association between cheiroarthropathy and frozen shoulder in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Br J Rheumatol. 1986;25(2):141–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Arkkila PE, Kantola IM, Viikari JS, Ronnemaa T. Shoulder capsulitis in type I and II diabetic patients: association with diabetic complications and related diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 1996;55(12):907–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Balci N, Balci MK, Tuzuner S. Shoulder adhesive capsulitis and shoulder range of motion in type II diabetes mellitus: association with diabetic complications. J Diabetes Complicat. 1999;13(3):135–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Bridgman JF. Periarthritis of the shoulder and diabetes mellitus. Ann Rheum Dis. 1972;31(1):69–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Garcilazo C, Cavallasca JA, Musuruana JL. Shoulder manifestations of diabetes mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2010;6(5):334–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Wohlgethan JR. Frozen shoulder in hyperthyroidism. Arthritis Rheum. 1987;30(8):936–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bowman CA, Jeffcoate WJ, Pattrick M, Doherty M. Bilateral adhesive capsulitis, oligoarthritis and proximal myopathy as presentation of hypothyroidism. Br J Rheumatol. 1988;27(1):62–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Cakir M, Samanci N, Balci N, Balci MK. Musculoskeletal manifestations in patients with thyroid disease. Clin Endocrinol. 2003;59(2):162–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Boyle-Walker KL, Gabard DL, Bietsch E, Masek-VanArsdale DM, Robinson BL. A profile of patients with adhesive capsulitis. J Hand Ther. 1997;10(3):222–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Lo SF, Chen SY, Lin HC, Jim YF, Meng NH, Kao MJ. Arthrographic and clinical findings in patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(12):1786–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Cyriax J. Textbook of orthopaedic medicine: diagnosis of soft tissue lesions. 8th ed. London, England: Bailiere-Tindall; 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hayes KW, Petersen CM. Reliability of classifications derived from Cyriax's resisted testing in subjects with painful shoulders and knees. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2003;33(5):235–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Razmjou H, Christakis M, Dwyer T, van Osnabrugge V, Holtby R. Accuracy of infraspinatus isometric testing in predicting tear size and tendon reparability: comparison with imaging and arthroscopy. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2017;26(8):1390–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Pellecchia GL, Paolino J, Connell J. Intertester reliability of the cyriax evaluation in assessing patients with shoulder pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1996;23(1):34–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Schmidt M, Enger M, Pripp AH, Nordsletten L, Moosmayer S, Melhuus K, et al. Interrater reliability of physical examination tests in the acute phase of shoulder injuries. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22:1. 770-021-04659-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Rundquist PJ, Ludewig PM. Patterns of motion loss in subjects with idiopathic loss of shoulder range of motion. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2004;19(8):810–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Hsu JE, Anakwenze OA, Warrender WJ, Abboud JA. Current review of adhesive capsulitis. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2011;20(3):502–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Neviaser AS, Hannafin JA. Adhesive capsulitis: a review of current treatment. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(11):2346–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Neviaser RJ, Neviaser TJ. The frozen shoulder. Diagnosis and management. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;223:59–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Roberts S, Dearne R, Keen S, Littlewood C, Taylor S, Deacon P. Routine X-rays for suspected frozen shoulder offer little over diagnosis based on history and clinical examination alone. Musculoskeletal Care. 2019;17(2):288–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Sambandam SN, Atturu M. A case of septic arthritis of shoulder presenting as stiffness of the shoulder. J Orthop Case Rep. 2016;6(2):31–3.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Rhind V, Downie WW, Bird HA, Wright V, Engler C. Naproxen and indomethacin in periarthritis of the shoulder. Rheumatol Rehabil. 1982;21(1):51–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lorbach O, Anagnostakos K, Scherf C, Seil R, Kohn D, Pape D. Nonoperative management of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: oral cortisone application versus intra-articular cortisone injections. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2010;19(2):172–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Buchbinder R, Green S, Youd JM, Johnston RV. Oral steroids for adhesive capsulitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;4:CD006189.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Green S, Buchbinder R, Hetrick S. Physiotherapy interventions for shoulder pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;2(2):CD004258.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Cleland JA, Durall CJ. Physical therapy for adhesive capsulitis: systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2002;88(8):450–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Griggs SM, Ahn A, Green A. Idiopathic adhesive capsulitis. A prospective functional outcome study of nonoperative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82-A(10):1398–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Diercks RL, Stevens M. Gentle thawing of the frozen shoulder: a prospective study of supervised neglect versus intensive physical therapy in seventy-seven patients with frozen shoulder syndrome followed up for two years. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2004;13(5):499–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Favejee MM, Huisstede BM, Koes BW. Frozen shoulder: the effectiveness of conservative and surgical interventions—systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(1):49–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Vermeulen HM, Rozing PM, Obermann WR, le Cessie S, Vliet Vlieland TP. Comparison of high-grade and low-grade mobilization techniques in the management of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2006;86(3):355–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Mertens MG, Meeus M, Verborgt O, Vermeulen EHM, Schuitemaker R, Hekman KMC, et al. An overview of effective and potential new conservative interventions in patients with frozen shoulder. Rheumatol Int. 2021;

    Google Scholar 

  68. Naredo E, Cabero F, Beneyto P, Cruz A, Mondejar B, Uson J, et al. A randomized comparative study of short term response to blind injection versus sonographic-guided injection of local corticosteroids in patients with painful shoulder. J Rheumatol. 2004;31(2):308–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Carette S, Moffet H, Tardif J, Bessette L, Morin F, Fremont P, et al. Intraarticular corticosteroids, supervised physiotherapy, or a combination of the two in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: a placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(3):829–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Lee HJ, Lim KB, Kim DY, Lee KT. Randomized controlled trial for efficacy of intra-articular injection for adhesive capsulitis: ultrasonography-guided versus blind technique. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(12):1997–2002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Shah N, Lewis M. Shoulder adhesive capsulitis: systematic review of randomised trials using multiple corticosteroid injections. Br J Gen Pract. 2007;57(541):662–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Blanchard V, Barr S, Cerisola FL. The effectiveness of corticosteroid injections compared with physiotherapeutic interventions for adhesive capsulitis: a systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2010;96(2):95–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Koh KH. Corticosteroid injection for adhesive capsulitis in primary care: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Singap Med J. 2016;57(12):646–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Challoumas D, Biddle M, McLean M, Millar NL. Comparison of treatments for frozen shoulder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(12):e2029581.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Yamakado K. The targeting accuracy of subacromial injection to the shoulder: an arthrographic evaluation. Arthroscopy. 2002;18(8):887–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Lorbach O, Kieb M, Scherf C, Seil R, Kohn D, Pape D. Good results after fluoroscopic-guided intra-articular injections in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18(10):1435–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Andren L, Lundberg BJ. Treatment of rigid shoulders by joint distension during arthrography. Acta Orthop Scand. 1965;36:45–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Buchbinder R, Green S, Youd JM, Johnston RV, Cumpston M. Arthrographic distension for adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;1(1):CD007005.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Buchbinder R, Green S, Forbes A, Hall S, Lawler G. Arthrographic joint distension with saline and steroid improves function and reduces pain in patients with painful stiff shoulder: results of a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63(3):302–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Fouquet B, Griffoul I, Borie MJ, Roger R, Bonnin B, Metivier JC, et al. Adhesive capsulitis: evaluation of a treatment coupling capsular distension and intensive rehabilitation. Ann Readapt Med Phys. 2006;49(2):68–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Buchbinder R, Youd JM, Green S, Stein A, Forbes A, Harris A, et al. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of physiotherapy following glenohumeral joint distension for adhesive capsulitis: a randomized trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57(6):1027–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Elleuch MH, Yahia A, Ghroubi S, Kharrat O, Mezghanni M, Ayedi K. The contribution of capsular distension to the treatment of primary adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: a comparative study versus rehabilitation. Ann Readapt Med Phys. 2008;51(9):722–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Zhang J, Zhong S, Tan T, Li J, Liu S, Cheng R, et al. Comparative efficacy and patient-specific moderating factors of nonsurgical treatment strategies for frozen shoulder: an updated systematic review and network meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2021;49(6):1669–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Farrell CM, Sperling JW, Cofield RH. Manipulation for frozen shoulder: long-term results. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2005;14(5):480–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Dodenhoff RM, Levy O, Wilson A, Copeland SA. Manipulation under anesthesia for primary frozen shoulder: effect on early recovery and return to activity. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2000;9(1):23–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Amir-Us-Saqlain H, Zubairi A, Taufiq I. Functional outcome of frozen shoulder after manipulation under anaesthesia. J Pak Med Assoc. 2007;57(4):181–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kivimaki J, Pohjolainen T, Malmivaara A, Kannisto M, Guillaume J, Seitsalo S, et al. Manipulation under anesthesia with home exercises versus home exercises alone in the treatment of frozen shoulder: a randomized, controlled trial with 125 patients. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2007;16(6):722–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Quraishi NA, Johnston P, Bayer J, Crowe M, Chakrabarti AJ. Thawing the frozen shoulder. A randomised trial comparing manipulation under anaesthesia with hydrodilatation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89(9):1197–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Loew M, Heichel TO, Lehner B. Intraarticular lesions in primary frozen shoulder after manipulation under general anesthesia. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2005;14(1):16–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Rex SS, Kottam L, McDaid C, Brealey S, Dias J, Hewitt CE, et al. Effectiveness of interventions for the management of primary frozen shoulder : a systematic review of randomized trials. Bone Jt Open. 2021;2(9):773–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Le HV, Lee SJ, Nazarian A, Rodriguez EK. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: review of pathophysiology and current clinical treatments. Shoulder Elbow. 2017;9(2):75–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Kim DH, Song KS, Min BW, Bae KC, Lim YJ, Cho CH. Early clinical outcomes of manipulation under anesthesia for refractory adhesive capsulitis: comparison with arthroscopic capsular release. Clin Orthop Surg. 2020;12(2):217–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Grant JA, Schroeder N, Miller BS, Carpenter JE. Comparison of manipulation and arthroscopic capsular release for adhesive capsulitis: a systematic review. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2013;22(8):1135–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Helen Razmjou

  2. Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Helen Razmjou

Authors
  1. Helen Razmjou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Helen Razmjou .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Razmjou, H. (2022). Frozen Shoulder. In: Clinical and Radiological Examination of the Shoulder Joint. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10470-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10470-1_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-10469-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-10470-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation