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Leaf Anatomy and Function

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The Leaf: A Platform for Performing Photosynthesis

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 44))

Summary

Plant leaves provide the following main functions: (1) light interception and utilization of light energy for photosynthesis. This includes efficient light absorption under low and moderate light, while reducing excess light absorption under high light. (2) Incorporating CO2 as the substrate of photosynthesis, while limiting the amount of water lost. (3) Maintaining a stable internal environment for physiological processes by modulating leaf temperature. (4) Maintaining structural integrity that allows leaves to photosynthesize under various mechanical stresses such as gravity, wind, rainfall and herbivory. (5) Transporting water, photosynthates, and nutrients to realize efficient functioning of the plant and the leaf.

Subjected to both anatomical and environmental constraints, natural selection has resulted in an intricate leaf anatomy that balances the above functions and allows plants to grow and produce progeny. As a result, plants coordinate size, number, shape, and arrangement of cells, adjust the thickness and chemical composition of cell walls, and utilize physical phenomena such as water evaporation, refraction, and reflection of light.

In the present chapter, common features of leaf anatomy are described and the current knowledge related to its functions is summarized. Special emphasis will be given to leaf optical properties, gas diffusion, water transport, and mechanical properties. Acclimation and adaptation of leaf anatomy in response to environmental conditions will be reviewed. In addition, we will discuss the physiological mechanisms and ecological significance of these responses.

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Abbreviations

a :

a dimensionless correction factor to account for the fact that the mesophyll thickness is not equal to the effective distance between stomata and chloroplasts because of the spacing of stomata on the leaf surface and the presence of CO2 sinks along the diffusion path

BSE:

bundle-sheath extensions

c :

a dimensionless empirical coefficient, linking the boundary layer thickness to windspeed, leaf width, and air viscosity

C i :

CO2 concentration inside the leaf

d :

leaf width measured in the direction of the wind

D :

diffusion coefficient of CO2 through air

D v :

diffusion coefficient of water vapor

E B :

Young’s modulus in a bending test

E c :

Young’s modulus of the mesophyll

E f :

Young’s modulus of the epidermis

E T :

Young’s modulus in a tensile test

g ias :

conductance through intercellular airspaces

g m :

mesophyll conductance

g s :

stomatal conductance

HA:

high-light apex

helox:

air with nitrogen replaced by helium

HH:

plants grown in high light

HL:

plants grown in high light then transferred to low light

L :

mesophyll thickness

LA:

low-light apex

LMA:

leaf dry mass per area

PAR:

wavelengths of light absorbed by chlorophyll and utilized in photosynthesis

r ias :

resistance of CO2 to diffusion in the intercellular air space

r liq :

resistance of CO2 to diffusion in mesophyll liquid phase

Rubisco:

ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

s :

solubility of CO2 in apoplastic water

S c :

chloroplast surface area facing intercellular spaces per unit leaf area

α :

a material specific constant that links the tortuosity factor to the porosity of a porous structure

α m :

thickness fraction of the mesophyll

β :

the ratio of Young’s modulus of the mesophyll tissue to that of the epidermis, E c /E f

δ:

boundary layer thickness

ρ:

porosity of the leaf

τ:

tortuosity factor

u :

wind speed

v :

kinematic viscosity of air

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Chieko Saito, Dr. Dagmar Voigt, Ms. Elinor Goodman, Dr. Margaret Barbour, Dr. Shinichi Miyazawa, Dr. Shinya Wada, Dr. Susanne Scheffknecht, Dr. Youshi Tazoe, and Dr. Xiaofeng Yin for their leaf anatomical photographs. We thank Dr. Chris Muir, Dr. Jaume Flexas, Ms. Natascha Luijken, and Dr. Thomas D. Sharkey for their helpful comments on the manuscript and Dr. Flexas and Dr. Muir for making available additional data on leaf anatomy.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

    Riichi Oguchi

  2. Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Yusuke Onoda

  3. Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Ichiro Terashima

  4. Institute of Botany, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Danny Tholen

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  1. Riichi Oguchi
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  4. Danny Tholen
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Correspondence to Riichi Oguchi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

    William W. Adams III

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo Ku, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan

    Ichiro Terashima

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Oguchi, R., Onoda, Y., Terashima, I., Tholen, D. (2018). Leaf Anatomy and Function. In: Adams III, W., Terashima, I. (eds) The Leaf: A Platform for Performing Photosynthesis. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 44. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_5

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