Abstract
Models of the electromechanical behaviour of ferroelectric materials are reviewed. Starting from the constitutive relationships for piezoelectrics and estimates of the response of piezoelectric composites, the development of models is traced from the macro-scale through to the micro-scale. Derivations of models based on extensions of classical plasticity and crystal plasticity theory are given, following the literature, and example applications of these models are shown. The formation of domain patterns is discussed and minimum energy methods based on the concept of compatibility are used to derive typical domain patterns for tetragonal and rhombohedral ferroelectrics. Methods for modelling the evolution of domain patterns are described. Finally the outlook for future directions in modelling of ferroelectrics is discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arlt, G. (1990). Twinning in ferroelectric and ferroelastic ceramics: Stress relief. Journal of Materials Science, 25, 2655–2666.
Arlt, G., & Sasko, P. (1980). Domain configuration and equilibrium size of domains in BaTiO\(_3\) ceramics. Journal of Applied Physics, 51, 4956–4960.
Ball, J. M., & James, R. D. (1987). Fine phase mixtures as minimizers of energy. Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, 11, 13–52.
Bassiouny, E., Ghaleb, A. F., & Maugin, G. A. (1988). Thermodynamical formulation for coupled electromechanical hysteresis effects 1. Basic equations. International Journal of Engineering Science, 26, 1279–1295.
Bhattacharya, K. (1993). Comparison of the geometrically nonlinear and linear theories of martensitic transformtion. Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics, 5, 205–242.
Bhattacharya, K. (2003). Microstructure of Martensite, Why it Forms and How It Gives Rise to the Shape-memory Effect. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bisegna, P., & Luciano, R. (1996). Variational bounds for the overall properties of piezoelectric composites. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 44, 583–602.
Burcsu, E., Ravichandran, G., & Bhattacharya, K. (2004). Large electrostrictive actuation of barium titanate single crystals. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 52, 823–846.
Cocks, A. C. F., & McMeeking, R. M. (1999). A phenomenological constitutive law for the behaviour of ferroelectric ceramics. Ferroelectrics, 228, 219–228.
Dayal, K., & Bhattacharya, K. (2007). A real-space non-local phase-field model of ferroelectric domain patterns in complex geometries. Acta Materialia, 55, 1907–1917.
Devonshire, A. F. (1949). Theory of barium titanate 1. Philosophical Magazine, 40, 1040–1063.
Dunn, M. L., & Taya, M. (1993). Micromechanics predictions of the effective electroelastic mouli of piezoelectric composites. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 30, 161–175.
Eshelby, J. D. (1957). The detrmination of the elastic field of an ellipsoidal inclusion, and related problems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A, 241, 376–396.
Fischer, F. D., Svoboda, J., & Petryk, H. (2014). Thermodynamic extremal principles for irreversible processes in materials science. Acta Materialia, 67, 1–20.
Hall, D. A., Steuwer, A., Cherdhirunkorn, B., Withers, P., & Mori, T. (2005). Micromechanics of residual stress and texture development due to poling in polycrystalline ferroelectric ceramics. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 53, 249–260.
Haug, A., Huber, J. E., Onck, P. R., & Van der Giessen, E. (2007). Multi-grain analysis versus self-consistent estimates of ferroelectric polycrystals. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 55, 648–665.
Hill, R. (1965). A self-consistent mechanics of composite materials. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 13, 213–222.
Hooton, J. A., & Merz, W. J. (1955). Etch patterns and ferroelectric domains in BaTiO\(_3\) single crystals. Physical Review, 98, 409–413.
Huber, J.E., & Cocks, A.C.F. (2008). A variational model of ferroelectric microstructure. In Proceedings of ASME SMASIS08, 28–30 October 2008. Ellicott City, MD, USA.
Huber, J. E., & Fleck, N. A. (2001). Multi-axial electrical switching of a ferroelectric: Theory versus experiment. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 49, 785–811.
Huber, J. E., & Fleck, N. A. (2004). Ferroelectric switching: A micromechanics model versus measured behaviour. European Journal of Mechanics A-Solids, 23, 203–217.
Huber, J. E., Fleck, N. A., Landis, C. M., & McMeeking, R. M. (1999). A constitutive model for ferroelectric polycrystals. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 47, 1663–1697.
Hwang, S. C., Lynch, C. S., & McMeeking, R. M. (1995). Ferroelectric/ferroelastic interactons and a polarization switching model. Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, 43, 2073–2084.
James, R. D., & Hane, K. F. (2000). Martensitic transformations and shape-memory materials. Acta Materialia, 48, 197–222.
Jones, J. L., Slamovich, E. B., & Bowman, K. J. (2005). Domain texture distributions in tetragonal lead zirconate titanate by X-ray and neutron diffraction. Journal of Applied Physics, 97, 034113.
Kamlah, M., Liskowsky, A. C., McMeeking, R. M., & Balke, H. (2005). Finite element simulation of a polycrystalline ferroelectric based on a multidomain single crystal switching model. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 42, 2949–2964.
Kamlah, M., & Tsakmakis, C. (1999). Phenomenological modelling of the non-linear electromechanical coupling in ferroelectrics. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 36, 669–695.
Kanoute, P., Boso, D. P., Chaboche, J. L., & Schrefler, B. A. (2001). Multiscale methods for composites: A review. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 16, 31–75.
Kouznetsova, V., Brekelmans, W. A. M., & Baaijens, F. P. T. (2001). An approach to micro-macro modeling of heterogeneous materials. Computational Mechanics, 27, 37–48.
Landis, C. M. (2002). Fully coupled, multi-axial, symmetric constitutive laws for polycrystalline ferroelectric ceramics. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 50, 127–152.
Li, J. Y., & Liu, D. (2004). On ferroelectric crystals with engineered domain configurations. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 52, 1719–1742.
Li, Y. L., Hu, S. Y., Liu, Z. K., & Chen, L. Q. (2001). Phase-field model of domain structures in ferroelectric thin films. Applied Physics Letters, 78, 3878–3880.
Lines, M.E., & Glass, A.M. (1977). Principles and Applications of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials. New York: Oxford University Press.
Liu, Q. D., & Huber, J. E. (2007). State dependent linear moduli in ferroelectrics. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 44, 5635–5650.
Liu, T., & Lynch, C. S. (2006). Domain engineered relaxor ferroelectric single crystals. Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics, 18, 119–135.
Loge, R. E., & Suo, Z. (1996). Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of ferroelectric domain evolution. Acta Materialia, 44, 3429–3438.
Lynch, C. S. (1996). The effect of uniaxial stress on the electro-mechanical response of 8/65/35 PLZT. Acta Materialia, 44, 4138–4148.
McGilly, L. J., Schilling, A., & Gregg, J. M. (2010). Domain bundle boundaries in single crystal BaTiO\(_3\) lamellae: searching for naturally forming dipole flux-closure/quadrupole chains. Nano Letters, 10, 4200–4205.
Park, S. E., & Shrout, T. R. (2007). Ultrahigh strain and piezoelectric behaviour in relaxor based ferroelectric single crystals. Journal of Applied Physics, 82, 1804–1811.
Pathak, A., & McMeeking, R. M. (2008). Three-dimensional finite element simulations of ferroelectric poycrystals under electrical and mechanical loading. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 56, 663–683.
Shu, Y. C., & Bhattacharya, K. (2001). Domain patterns and macroscopic behaviour of ferroelectric materials. Philosophical Magazine B, 81, 2021–2054.
Sidorkin, A. S. (2006). Domain Structure in Ferroelectric and Related Materials. Cambridge International Science Publishing.
Su, Y., & Landis, C. M. (2007). Continuum thermodynamics of ferroelectric domain evolution: Theory, finite element implementation, and application to domain wall pinning. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 55, 280–305.
Tangantsev, A. K., Cross, L. E., & Fousek, J. (2010). Domains in Ferroic Crystals and Thin Films. New York: Springer.
Tsou, N.T. (2011) Compatible domain structures in ferroelectric single crystals, Ph.D. thesis, University of Oxford.
Tsou, N. T., & Huber, J. E. (2010). Compatible domain structures and the poling of single crystal ferroelectrics. Mechanics of Materials, 42, 740–753.
Tsou, N. T., Huber, J. E., & Cocks, A. C. F. (2008). Evolution of compatible laminate domain structures in ferroelectric single crystals. Acta Materialia, 56, 2117–2135.
Tsou, N. T., Potnis, P. R., & Huber, J. E. (2011). Classification of laminate domain patterns in ferroelectrics. Physical Review B, 83, 184120.
Völker, B., & Kamlah, M. (2012). Large-signal analysis of typical ferroelectric domain structures using phase-field modeling. Smart Materials and Structures, 21, 055013.
Wang, J. J., Ma, X. Q., Li, Q., Britson, J., & Chen, L. Q. (2013). Phase-transitions and domain structures of ferroelectric nanoparticales: Phase-field model incorporating strong elastic and dielectric inhomogeneity. Acta Materialia, 61, 7591–7603.
Wang, J., Kamlah, M., & Zhang, T.-Y. (2009). Phase field simulations of ferroelectric nanoparticales with different long-range-electrostatic and -elastic interactions. Journal of Applied Physics, 105, 014104.
Wang, J., Shi, S. Q., Chen, L. Q., Li, Y. L., & Zhang, T. Y. (2004). Phase-field simulations of ferroelectric/ferroelastic polarization switching. Acta Materialia, 52, 749–764.
Weng, G. J., & Wong, D. T. (2009). Thermodynamic driving force in ferroelectric crystals with a rank-2 laminated domain pattern, and a study of enhanced electrostriction. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 57, 571–597.
Wu, T., Zhao, P., Bao, M. Q., Bur, A., Hockel, J. L., Wong, K., et al. (2011). Domain engineered switchable strain states in ferroelectric(011) [Pb(Mg\(_{1/3}\)Nb\(_{2/3})\)O\(_3\)]\(_{(1-x)}\)-[PbTiO\(_3\)]\(_{(x)}\)(PMN-PT, \(x\approx 0.32\)) single crystals. Journal of Applied Physics, 109, 124101.
Xu, Y. (1991). Ferroelectric Materials and their Applications, North Holland Press.
Yen, J. H., Shu, Y. C., Shieh, J., & Yeh, J. H. (2008). A study of electromechanical switching in ferroelectric single crystals. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 56, 2117–2135.
Zhang, Z. Y., James, R. D., & Muller, S. (2009). Energy barriers and hysteresis in martensitic phase transformations. Acta Materialia, 57, 4332–4352.
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to Nien-Ti Tsou for preparing and allowing the use of figures showing domain patterns, as well as for many helpful and informative discussions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Huber, J.E. (2018). Electromechanical Models of Ferroelectric Materials. In: Schröder, J., C. Lupascu, D. (eds) Ferroic Functional Materials. CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences, vol 581. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68883-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68883-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-68881-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-68883-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)