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Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Root Hair Tip Growth: A Comparison with Pollen Tubes

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Pollen Tip Growth

Abstract

The developmental program of roots is constantly modified according to environmental signals and often includes an elevation in the density of root hairs, which increases the root’s absorptive surface in an attempt to meet the ion and water demands of the plant. Root hairs emerge from certain epidermal cells and this depends on a complex genetic cascade. Once this has determined root hair cell fate, local wall loosening and turgor pressure initiate a bulge in the cell wall. The transition from root hair initiation to actual tip growth begins with the accumulation of secretory vesicles at the apical part of the bulge. A complex interplay between ion oscillations, cytoskeleton architecture, vesicle trafficking, cell wall metabolism and hormonal and environmental signals allows the root hair to maintain growth at the tip. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the core components regulating root hair tip growth, critically identifies challenges for future research and points to commonalities and differences with the current knowledge on pollen tube tip growth.

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Abbreviations

ACA:

autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPase

ACT:

ACTIN

ADF:

actin-depolymerizing factor

AFs:

actin filaments

AHA:

Arabidopsis H+-ATPase

AIP1:

AKT1 INTERACTING PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1

ANX:

ANXUR

ARK1:

ARMADILLO REPEAT-CONTAINING KINESIN 1

ARP2/3 complex:

actin-related protein 2/3 complex

ATPase:

adenosine triphosphatase

ATSFH1:

ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA SHORT ROOT HAIR 1

AtSTP6:

ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA SUGAR TRANSPORTER 6

BAPTA:

1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid

CA:

constitutively active

[Ca2+ cyt[:

cytoplasmic calcium concentration

[Ca2+ ER[:

endoplasmic reticulum calcium concentration

[Ca2+ ext[:

extracellular calcium concentration

CaM:

calmodulin

cAMP:

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CAP1:

[CA2+]CYT-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE 1

CBLs:

calcineurin B-like proteins

CBM3a:

carbohydrate-binding module 3a

CDPK:

calcium-dependent protein kinase

CESA:

CELLULOSE SYNTHASE

CIPKs:

CBL-interacting protein kinases

[Cl− cyt[:

chloride concentration cytoplasmic

CMLs:

calmodulin-like proteins

CMTs:

cortical microtubules

CNGC:

cyclic nucleotide-gated channel

cNMP:

cyclic nucleotide

CNQX:

6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione

CPK3:

CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 3

CRIB:

Cdc42- and Rac-interactive binding

CrRLK1Ls:

Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like kinases

CSC:

cellulose synthase complex

CSLD:

CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE D

CytB:

cytochalasin B

DACC:

depolarization-activated calcium channel

DCB:

2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile

DN:

dominant negative

DPI:

diphenyleneiodonium

ECA1:

ER-type Ca2+-ATPase

EGTA:

ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid

EMTs:

endoplasmic microtubules

EXP7:

EXPANSIN7

F-actin:

filamentous actin

FER:

FERONIA

FH1 domain:

formin homology 1 domain

FH2 domain:

formin homology 2 domain

FRET:

Förster resonance energy transfer

G-actin:

globular actin

GAE6:

UDP-D-GLUCURONATE 4-EPIMERASE 6

GAP:

GTPase-activating protein

GDI:

guanosine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor

GDP:

guanosine diphosphate

GEF:

guanine nucleotide exchange factor

GFP:

green fluorescent protein

GLR:

glutamate receptor

GTP:

guanosine triphosphate

GTPase:

guanosine triphosphatase

HACC:

hyperpolarization-activated calcium channel

HAK5:

HIGH-AFFINITY K+ TRANSPORTER 5

HEK:

human embryonic kidney

HG:

homogalacturonan

IP3 :

inositol trisphosphate

LatB:

latrunculin B

LePT1:

Lycopersicon esculentum phosphate transporter 1

LRX1:

LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT/EXTENSIN 1

MAPK/MPK:

MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE

MCA1/2:

MID1-COMPLEMENTING ACTIVITY 1/2

MICU:

mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter

MOR1:

MICROTUBULE ORGANIZATION 1

MRH2:

MORPHOGENESIS OF ROOT HAIR 2

MSL2/3:

MSCS-LIKE 2/3

MT:

microtubules

MyoB1/2:

myosin-binding proteins 1/2

NHX1-4:

SODIUM HYDROGEN EXCHANGER 1-4

NOX:

NADPH oxidase

ORF:

open reading frame

OXI1:

OXIDATIVE SIGNAL-INDUCIBLE1

PH:

pleckstrin homology

pHcyt :

cytoplasmic pH

pHext :

extracellular pH

PIN2:

PIN-FORMED 2

PI-4Kβ1:

PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 4-OH KINASE β1

PI-4P:

phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate

PI(4,5)P2 :

phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate

Plus(+) end:

barbed actin filament end

PM:

plasma membrane

PME:

pectin methylesterase

PMEI:

pectin methylesterase inhibitor

prf1 :

profilin 1

PRONE:

plant-specific ROP nucleotide exchanger

PT:

pollen tube

qRT-PCR:

quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

RabA4b:

RAB GTPASE HOMOLOGUE A4B

RBOH:

RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGUE

RH:

root hair

RHD2:

ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 2

RHM1:

RHAMNOSE BIOSYNTHESIS 1

RHS:

root hair specific

RHS8:

ROOT HAIR SPECIFIC 8

RIC:

ROP-INTERACTIVE CRIB MOTIF-CONTAINING PROTEIN

RIP:

ROP INTERACTIVE PARTNER

RLK:

receptor-like kinase

RNAi:

RNA interference

ROPs:

Rho-like GTPases from plants

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

SCN1:

SUPERCENTIPEDE1

SIMK:

STRESS-INDUCED MAPK

SLAH3:

SLAC1 HOMOLOGUE 3

SOD:

superoxide dismutase

TAIR:

The Arabidopsis Information Resource

TCH2:

TOUCH2

T-DNA:

transfer-DNA

TPC1:

TWO-PORE CHANNEL 1

UER1:

UDP-4-KETO-6-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE-3,5-EPIMERASE-4-REDUCTASE 1

VGD1:

VANGUARD1

VLN:

VILLIN

WER:

WEREWOLF

XEH:

XYLOGLUCAN ENDOHYDROLASE

XTH:

XYLOGLUCAN ENDOTRANSGLUCOSYLASE/HYDROLASE

XUT1:

XYLOGLUCAN-SPECIFIC GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE 1

XXT:

XYLOGLUCAN XYLOSYLTRANSFERASE

XyG:

xyloglucan

YC3.6:

Yellow Cameleon 3.6 (cytosolic calcium sensor)

YFP:

yellow fluorescent protein

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology Department, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, groenenborgerlaan 171, 2010, Antwerp, Belgium

    Sébastjen Schoenaers, Daria Balcerowicz & Kris Vissenberg

  2. Plant Biochemistry & Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Food & Nutrition, UASC-TEI, Stavromenos, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

    Kris Vissenberg

Authors
  1. Sébastjen Schoenaers
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  2. Daria Balcerowicz
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  3. Kris Vissenberg
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Correspondence to Kris Vissenberg .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

    Gerhard Obermeyer

  2. Cell Biology Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA

    José Feijó

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Schoenaers, S., Balcerowicz, D., Vissenberg, K. (2017). Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Root Hair Tip Growth: A Comparison with Pollen Tubes. In: Obermeyer, G., Feijó, J. (eds) Pollen Tip Growth. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56645-0_9

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