Abstract
Metabolic engineering has been used to develop Escherichia coli strains that generate d or l-lactic acid as the predominant fermentation product from different carbon sources, including glucose and xylose, which are present in syrups from lignocellulosic hydrolysates. As an introduction, this review presents the relevance that lactic acid has nowadays in several industrial and commercial applications. It also stresses the relevance of producing d or l-lactic acid as pure optical enantiomers for different applications. The second part reviews the metabolic engineering and adaptive evolution efforts developed with E. coli to achieve the production of optically pure d or l-lactic acid using several carbon sources. Furthermore, a set of results using actual mixtures of sugars contained in lignocellulosic hydrolysates is presented and discussed. Even though the efficient conversion of sugars to d or l-lactic acid and high volumetric productivities has been achieved, this review reveals that most work needs to be performed with actual lignocellulosic hydrolysates at the pilot or demonstrative scales to deploy the full potential of this efforts towards industrial production.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aeschelmann F, Carus M (2015) Bio-based building blocks and polymers in the world—capacities, production and applications: status quo and trends toward 2020-short version. http://www.bio-based.eu/market_study/media/files/15-12-03-Bio-based-Building-Blocks-and-Polymers-in-the-World-short-version.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2016
Avci A, Saha BC, Kennedy GJ et al (2013) Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of corn stover for enzymatic hydrolysis and efficient ethanol production by recombinant Escherichia coli FBR5 without detoxification. Bioresour Technol 142:312–319. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.05.002
Carus M, Carrez D, Kaeb H, Ravenstijn et al (2011) Level playing field for bio-based chemistry and materials. http://bio-based.eu/downloads/nova-paper-1-level-playing-field/. Accessed 19 July 2016
CEN (2011) Final report of CEN/BT/WG 209 “Bio-based products”. Avaliable via BioBased Economy. ftp://ftp.cen.eu/CEN/Sectors/List/bio_basedproducts/BTWG209finalreport.pdf. Accessed 26 July 2016
Chang D, Jung H, Rhee J (1999) Homofermentative production of d- or l-lactate in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli RR1. Appl Environ Microb 65:1384–1389
Chen X, Zhou L, Tian K, Kumar A et al (2013) Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli: a sustainable industrial platform for bio-based chemical production. Biotechnol Adv 31:1200–1223. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.02.009
Clark DP (1989) The fermentation pathways of Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Rev 63:223–234
Clomburg JM, Gonzalez R (2013) Anaerobic fermentation of glycerol: a platform for renewable fuels and chemicals. Trends Biotechnol 31:20–28. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.10.006
Dammer L, Carus M, Raschka A et al (2013) Market developments of and opportunities for biobased products and chemicals. Final report. Available via nova-Institute for Ecology and Innovation http://bio-based.eu/publication-search/?wpv_post_search=Market+developments+of+and+opportunities+for+biobased+products+and+chemicals&wpv_filter_submit=. Accessed 11 July 2016
Datta R, Henry M (2006) Lactic acid: recent advances in products, processes and technologies—a review. Chem Technol Biotechnol 1129:1119–1129. doi:10.1002/jctb
de Jong E, Higson A, Walsh P et al (Not date) Bio-based chemicals—value added products from biorefineries. EA Bioenergy, Task 42 Biorefinery. http://www.iea-bioenergy.task42-biorefineries.com/upload_mm/b/a/8/6d099772-d69d-46a3-bbf7-62378e37e1df_Biobased_Chemicals_Report_Total_IEABioenergyTask42.pdf. Accessed 19 July 2016
Dharmadi Y, Murarka A, Gonzalez R (2006) Anaerobic fermentation of glycerol by Escherichia coli: a new platform for metabolic engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 94:821–829. doi:10.1002/bit.21025
Dien BS, Nichols NN, Bothast RJ (2001) Recombinant Escherichia coli engineered for production of L-lactic acid from hexose and pentose sugars. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 27:259–264. doi:10.1038/sj/jim/7000195
Dien BS, Nichols NN, Bothast RJ (2002) Fermentation of sugar mixtures using Escherichia coli catabolite repression mutants engineered for production of L-lactic acid. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 29:221–227. doi:10.1038/sj.jim.7000299
Durnin G, Clomburg J, Yeates Z et al (2009) Understanding and harnessing the microaerobic metabolism of glycerol in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 103:148–161. doi:10.1002/bit.22246
Golden JS, Handfield RB, Daystar J, McConnell TE (2015) An economic impact analysis of the U.S. biobased products industry: a report to the Congress of the United States of America. A Joint Publication of the Duke Center for Sustainability & Commerce and the Supply Chain Resource Cooperative at North Carolina State University. https://www.biopreferred.gov/BPResources/files/EconomicReport_6_12_2015.pdf. Accessed 11 Aug 2016
Gonzalez R, Murarka A, Dharmadi Y et al (2008) A new model for the anaerobic fermentation of glycerol in enteric bacteria: trunk and auxiliary pathways in Escherichia coli. Metabol Eng 10:234–245. doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2008.05.001
Grabar TB, Zhou S, Shanmugam KT et al (2006) Methylglyoxal bypass identified as source of chiral contamination in l(+) and d(-)-lactate fermentations by recombinant Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 28:1527–1535. doi:10.1007/s10529-006-9122-7
Gupta S, Clark DP (1989) Escherichia coli derivatives lacking both alcohol dehydrogenase and phosphotransacetylase grow anaerobically by lactate fermentation. J Bacteriol 171:3650–3655
Gupta B, Revagade N, Hilborn J (2007) Poly (lactic acid) fiber: an overview. Prog Polym Sci 32:455–482. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.01.005
Henton DE, Gruber P, Lunt J et al (2005) Polylactic acid technology. In: Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (eds) Natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 527–578
John RP, Anisha GS, Nampoothiri KM et al (2009) Direct lactic acid fermentation: focus on simultaneous saccharification and lactic acid production. Biotechnol Adv 27:145–152. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.10.004
Juturu V, Wu JC (2015) Microbial production of lactic acid: the latest development. Crit Rev Biotechnol 36:967–977. doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1066305
Lammens TM, Potting J, Sanders JPM et al (2011) Environmental comparison of biobased chemicals from glutamic acid with their petrochemical equivalents. Environ Sci Technol 45(19):8521–8528. doi:10.1021/es201869e
Lim L, Auras R, Rubino M (2008) Progress in polymer science processing technologies for poly (lactic acid). Prog Polym Sci 33:820–852. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.05.004
Liu H, Kang J, Qi Q et al (2011) Production of lactate in Escherichia coli by redox regulation genetically and physiologically. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 164:162–169. doi:10.1007/s12010-010-9123-9
Mäki-Arvela P, Simakova IL, Salmi T et al (2014) Production of lactic acid/lactates from biomass and their catalytic transformations to commodities. Chem Rev 114:1909–1971. doi:10.1021/cr400203v
Martinez A, Rodríguez ME, York SW et al (2000) Effects of Ca(OH)2 treatments (“Overliming”) on the composition and toxicity of bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate. Biotechnol Bioeng 69:526–536. doi:10.1002/1097-0290(20000905)69:5<526:AID-BIT7>3.0.CO;2-E
Martinez A, Rodríguez ME, Wells ML et al (2001) Detoxification of dilute acid hydrolysates of lignocellulose with lime. Biotechnol Progress 17:287–293. doi:10.1021/bp0001720
Mazumdar S, Clomburg JM, Gonzalez R (2010) Escherichia coli strains engineered for homofermentative production of d-lactic acid from glycerol. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:4327–4336. doi:10.1128/AEM.00664-10
Nampoothiri KM, Nair NR, John RP (2010) An overview of the recent developments in polylactide (PLA) research. Bioresour Technol 101:8493–8501. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.092
Okano K, Tanaka T, Ogino C et al (2010) Biotechnological production of enantiomeric pure lactic acid from renewable resources: recent achievements, perspectives, and limits. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85:413–423. doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2280-5
Oren A (2005) A hundred years of Dunaliella research: 1905–2005. Saline Syst 1:2. doi:10.1186/1746-1448-1-2
Orencio-Trejo M, Utrilla J, Fernández-Sandoval MT et al (2010) Engineering the Escherichia coli fermentative metabolism. Adv Biochem Eng Biotech 121:71–107. doi:10.1007/10_2009_61
Schut JH (2008) PLA biopolymers-new copolymers, expandable beads, engineering alloys & more. Plast Technol 66–69
Shukla VB, Zhou S, Yomano LP et al (2004) Production of d(-)-lactate from sucrose and molasses. Biotechnol Lett 26:689–693. doi:10.1023/B:BILE.0000024088.36803.4e
Tsao GT, Cao NJ, Du J (1999) Production of multifunctional organic acids from renewable resources. In: Tsao GT (ed) Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology, vol 65. Springer, Berlin, pp 243–280
Utrilla J, Gosset G, Martinez A (2009) ATP limitation in a pyruvate formate lyase mutant of Escherichia coli MG1655 increases glycolytic flux to d-lactate. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 36:1057–1062. doi:10.1007/s10295-009-0589-9
Utrilla J, Licona-Cassani C, Marcellin E et al (2012) Engineering and adaptive evolution of Escherichia coli for d-lactate fermentation reveals GatC as a xylose transporter. Metab Eng 14:469–476. doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2012.07.007
Utrilla J, Vargas-Tah A, Trujillo-Martínez B et al (2016) Production of d-lactate from sugarcane bagasse and corn stover hydrolysates using metabolic engineered Escherichia coli strains. Bioresour Technol . doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.067
Vargas-Tah A, Moss-Acosta CL, Trujillo-Martinez B et al (2015) Non-severe thermochemical hydrolysis of stover from white corn and sequential enzymatic saccharification and fermentation to ethanol. Bioresour Technol 198:611–618. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.036
Vijayakumar J, Aravindan R, Viruthagiri T (2008) Recent trends in the production, purification and application of lactic acid. Chem Biochem Eng Q 22(2):245–264
Vijayendran B (2010) Bio products from bio refineries-trends, challenges and opportunities. J Bus Chem 7:109–115
Vishnu C, Seenayya G, Reddy G (2000) Direct conversion of starch to l(+)-lactic acid amylase producing Lactobacillus amylophilus GV6. Bioprocess Eng 23:155–158. doi:10.1007/PL00009119
Wang Q, Ingram LO, Shanmugam KT (2011a) Evolution of D-lactate dehydrogenase activity from glycerol dehydrogenase and its utility for D-lactate production from lignocellulose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:18920–18925. doi:10.1073/pnas.1111085108
Wang X, Miller EN, Yomano LP et al (2011b) Increased furfural tolerance due to overexpression of NADH-dependent oxidoreductase FucO in Escherichia coli strains engineered for the production of ethanol and lactate. Appl Env Microbiol 77:5132–5140. doi:10.1128/AEM.05008-11
Weber CJ, Haugaard V, Festersen R et al (2002) Production and applications of biobased packaging materials for the food industry. Food Addit Contam 19:172–177. doi:10.1080/0265203011008748
Wee Y, Kim J, Ryu H (2006) Biotechnological production of lactic acid and its recent applications. Food Technol Biotechnol 44:163–172
Yang YT, San KY, Bennett GN (1999) Redistribution of metabolic fluxes in Escherichia coli with fermentative lactate dehydrogenase overexpression and deletion. Metab Eng 1:141–152. doi:10.1006/mben.1998.0111
Zhao J, Xu L, Wang Y et al (2013) Homofermentative production of optically pure L-lactic acid from xylose by genetically engineered Escherichia coli B. Microb Cell Fact 12:57. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-12-57
Zhou S, Causey TB, Hasona A et al (2003a) Production of optically pure D-lactic acid in mineral salts medium by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli W3110. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:399–407. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.1.399-407.2003
Zhou S, Shanmugam KT, Ingram LO (2003b) Functional replacement of the Escherichia coli D-(-)-Lactate dehydrogenase gene (ldhA) with the L-(+)-lactate dehydrogenase gene (ldhL) from Pediococcus acidilactici. Appl Env Microbiol 69:2237–2244. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.4.2237
Zhou L, Zuo Z-R, Chen X-Z et al (2011) Evaluation of genetic manipulation strategies on D-lactate production by Escherichia coli. Curr Microbiol 62:981–989. doi:10.1007/s00284-010-9817-9
Zhou L, Shen W, Niu DD et al (2012) Fine tuning the transcription of ldhA for d-lactate production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 39:209–1217. doi:10.1007/s10295-012-1116-y
Zhu J, Shimizu K (2004) The effect of pfl gene knockout on the metabolism for optically pure D-lactate production by Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 64:367–375. doi:10.1007/s00253-003-1499-9
Zhu Y, Eiteman MA, DeWitt K et al (2007) Homolactate fermentation by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:456–464. doi:10.1128/AEM.02022-06
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT-Mexico), FONCICYT ERANet-LAC Grant C0013-248192.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Martinez, A., Rodríguez-Alegría, M.E., Fernandes, M.C., Gosset, G., Vargas-Tah, A. (2017). Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for Lactic Acid Production from Renewable Resources. In: Gosset, G. (eds) Engineering of Microorganisms for the Production of Chemicals and Biofuels from Renewable Resources. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51729-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51729-2_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-51728-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-51729-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)