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Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism and CO2-Concentrating Mechanism of Cyanobacteria

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Modern Topics in the Phototrophic Prokaryotes

Abstract

Photosynthetic fixation of CO2 by cyanobacteria proceeds via the Calvin–Benson cycle. Its high efficiency is supported by the operation of the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM). The main constituents of CCM are the active transport and accumulation of the inorganic carbon (Сi) in the cytosol mainly in the form of HCO3 –, with its following transformation to CO2 in high concentration in a special microcompartment (carboxysome), containing ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). The presence of the CCM that functions before the Calvin–Benson cycle provides high CO2/O2 ratio in the vicinity of the primary CO2-fixing enzyme, Rubisco, to promote the carboxylation reaction and suppress the oxygenase reaction. To date, CCM is found in the cyanobacteria inhabiting different ecological niches. The structural composition of the CCM is different in α- and β-cyanobacteria, which main representatives belong correspondingly to seawater and freshwater habitats. Recently, the modulating CCM components have been detected in relict cyanobacteria, including that inhabiting saturated carbonate brine of soda lakes. This review focuses on various aspects of the carbon metabolism in cyanobacteria and interconversion of its organic and inorganic forms in the photosynthetic reactions of living cells. The comparison of ССМ physiology and biochemistry in the model and relict species of cyanobacteria is also highlighted. The evolutionary origin of CCM and the roles of CCM in the atmosphere formation and preservation of the ecology of Earth’s biosphere via the establishment of efficient mechanisms of CO2 acquisition are discussed.

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Abbreviations

CA:

Carbonic anhydrase

CCM:

CO2-concentrating mechanism (carbon-concentrating mechanism)

Ci :

Inorganic carbon compounds (CO2 + HCO3 −)

GAP:

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

High-CO2 cells:

Cells grown at 2–5% СО2

Low-CO2 cells:

Cells grown under ambient atmospheric CO2 concentration (0.03–0.04%)

PG:

2-Phosphoglycolate

PGA:

3-Phosphoglyceric acid

PSI:

Photosystem I

PSII:

Photosystem II

RPP:

Reductive pentose phosphate (cycle/pathway)

Rubisco:

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

RuBP:

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate

αKG:

α-Ketoglutarate

К m :

Michaelis constant

САМ:

Crassulacean acid metabolism

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Acknowledgments

We thank Drs. M.A. Sinetova and A.G. Markelova (Institute of Plant Physiology, RAS, Moscow, Russia) for the TEM images of Arthrospira platensis IPPAS B-256 and Microcoleus sp. IPPAS B-353. We honor the memory of Dr. L.M. Gerasimenko who obtained image of Microcoleus calcification, kindly provided by Dr. O.S. Samylina (Institute of Microbiology, RAS, Moscow). E.V.K. was supported by a grant from Russian Science Foundation (no. 14-24-00020). A.U.I. was supported by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia

    Natalia A. Pronina & Elena V. Kupriyanova

  2. Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada, A1B 3X9

    Abir U. Igamberdiev

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  1. Natalia A. Pronina
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  2. Elena V. Kupriyanova
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  3. Abir U. Igamberdiev
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Correspondence to Natalia A. Pronina .

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  1. Department of Biology, Life Sciences Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, USA

    Patrick C. Hallenbeck

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Pronina, N.A., Kupriyanova, E.V., Igamberdiev, A.U. (2017). Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism and CO2-Concentrating Mechanism of Cyanobacteria. In: Hallenbeck, P. (eds) Modern Topics in the Phototrophic Prokaryotes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51365-2_8

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