Abstract
In recent years, studies on Arabidopsis have greatly contributed to the formulation of the universal molecular mechanisms that are involved in the developmental plasticity of somatic cells and, especially, in the identification of the genes that govern the induction of somatic embryogenesis (SE) in an in vitro culture. Various in vitro culture systems have been applied in molecular studies on SE in Arabidopsis, which enable the direct or indirect induction of somatic embryos. In this chapter, the different factors that determine the mode of the embryogenic response of in vitro cultured explants of Arabidopsis are reviewed. In addition to an in vitro culture, the induction of SE in planta is also characterised. The different approaches that are used for SE induction in Arabidopsis are presented in relation to studies on the molecular determinants of plant totipotency.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Boutilier K, Offringa R, Sharma VK et al (2002) Ectopic expression of BABY BOOM triggers a conversion from vegetative to embryonic growth. Plant Cell 14:1737–1749. doi:10.1105/tpc.001941
Bouyer D, Roudier F, Heese M et al (2011) POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 controls the embryo-to-seedling phase transition. PLoS Genet 7:e1002014. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002014
Bratzel F, López-Torrejón G, Koch M et al (2010) Keeping cell identity in Arabidopsis requires PRC1 RING-finger homologs that catalyze H2A monoubiquitination. Curr Biol 20:1853–1859. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.09.046
Charrière F, Sotta B, Miginiac E, Hahne G (1999) Induction of adventitious shoots or somatic embryos on in vitro cultured zygotic embryos of Helianthus annuus: variation of endogenous hormone levels. Plant Physiol Biochem 37:751–757. doi:10.1016/S0981-9428(00)86688-7
Chen D, Molitor A, Liu C, Shen WH (2010) The Arabidopsis PRC1-like ring-finger proteins are necessary for repression of embryonic traits during vegetative growth. Cell Res 20:1332–1344. doi:10.1038/cr.2010.151
Delbarre A, Muller P, Imhoff V, Guern J (1996) Comparison of mechanisms controlling uptake and accumulation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, naphthalene-1-acetic acid, and indole-3-acetic acid in suspension-cultured tobacco cells. Planta 198:532–541. doi:10.1007/BF00262639
Fehér A (2015) Somatic embryogenesis-stress-induced remodeling of plant cell fate. BBA-Gene Reg Mechan 1849:385–402. doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.07.005
Fraga H, Vieira L, Capestrano C et al (2012) 5-Azacytidine combined with 2,4-D improves somatic embryogenesis of Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret by means of changes in global DNA methylation levels. Plant Cell Rep 31:2165–2176. doi:10.1007/s00299-012-1327-8
Gaj MD (2001) Direct somatic embryogenesis as a rapid and efficient system for in vitro regeneration of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Tiss Org 64:39–46. doi:10.1023/A:1010679614721
Gaj MD (2004) Factors influencing somatic embryogenesis induction and plant regeneration with particular reference to Arabidopsis thaliana. (L.) Heynh. Plant Growth Reg 43:27–47. doi:10.1023/B:GROW.0000038275.29262.fb
Gaj MD (2011) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in the culture of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. immature zygotic embryo. In: Thorpe TA, Yeung EC (eds) Plant Embryo Culture, Springer, New York London Dordrecht Heidelberg, pp 257–265. doi:10.1007/978-1-61737-988-8_18
Gaj MD, Czubin M (2004) Efficiency of direct somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. under various in vitro culture conditions. Biotechnologia 1:221–235
Gliwicka M, Nowak K, Balazadeh S et al (2013) Extensive modulation of the transcription factor transcriptome during somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS ONE 8:e69261. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069261
Harding EW, Tang W, Nichols KW et al (2003) Expression and maintenance of embryogenic potential is enhanced through constitutive expression of AGAMOUS-Like 15. Plant Physiol 133:653–663. doi:10.1104/pp.103.023499
Huang BC, Yeoman MM (1983) Formation of somatic embryos in tissue cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana. Arab Inf Serv 20:73–77
Ikeda-Iwai M, Satoh S, Kamada H (2002) Establishment of reproducible tissue culture system for the induction of Arabidopsis somatic embryos. J Exp Bot 53:1575–1580. doi:10.1093/jxb/erf006
Ikeda-Iwai M, Umehara M, Satoh S, Kamada H (2003) Stress-induced somatic embryogenesis in vegetative tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 34:107–114. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01702.x
Karami O, Saidi A (2010) The molecular basis for stress-induced acquisition of somatic embryogenesis. Mol Biol Rep 37:2493–2507. doi:10.1007/s11033-009-9764-3
Kepinski S, Leyser O (2005) The Arabidopsis F-box protein TIR1 is an auxin receptor. Nature 435:446–451. doi:10.1038/nature03542
Kobayashi T, Nagayama Y, Higashi K, Kobayashi M (2010) Establishment of a tissue culture system for somatic embryogenesis from germinating embryos of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Biotechnol 27:359–364. doi:http://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.27.359
Kurczyńska EU, Gaj MD, Ujczak A, Mazur E (2007) Histological analysis of direct somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Planta 226:619–628. doi:10.1007/s00425-007-0510-6
Ledwoń A, Gaj MD (2009) LEAFY COTYLEDON2 gene expression and auxin treatment in relation to embryogenic capacity of Arabidopsis somatic cells. Plant Cell Rep 28:1677–1688. doi:10.1007/s00299-009-0767-2
Leljak-Levanić D, Bauer N, Mihaljević S, Jelaska S (2004) Changes in DNA methylation during somatic embryogenesis in Cucurbita pepo L. Plant Cell Rep 23:120–127. doi:10.1007/s00299-004-0819-6
LoSchiavo F, Pitto L, Giuliano G et al (1989) DNA methylation of embryogenic carrot cell cultures and its variations as caused by mutation, differentiation, hormones and hypomethylating drugs. Theor Appl Gen 77:325–331. doi:10.1007/BF00305823
Lotan T, Ohto MA, Yee KM et al (1998) Arabidopsis LEAFY COTYLEDON1 is sufficient to induce embryo development in vegetative cells. Cell 93:1195–1205. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81463-4
Luo Y, Koop HS (1997) Somatic embryogenesis in cultured immature zygotic embryos and leaf protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes. Planta 202:387–396. doi:10.1007/s004250050141
Makarevich G, Leroy O, Akinci U et al (2006) Different POLYCOMB GROUP COMPLEXES regulate common target genes in Arabidopsis. EMBO Rep 7:947–952. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400760
Marton L, Browse J (1991) Facile transformation of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Rep 10:235–239. doi:10.1007/BF00232565
Meijer EA, de Vries SC, Mordhorst AP (1999) Co-culture with Daucus carota somatic embryos reveals high 2,4-D uptake and release rates of Arabidopsis thaliana cultured cells. Plant Cell Rep 18:656–663. doi:10.1007/s002990050638
Michalczuk L, Ribnicky DM, Cooke TJ, Cohen JD (1992) Regulation of indole-3-acetic acid biosynthetic pathways in carrot cell cultures. Plant Physiol 100:1346–1353. doi:10.1104/pp.100.3.1346
Mordhorst AP, Hartog MV, Tamer MKE et al (2002) Somatic embryogenesis from Arabidopsis shoot meristem mutants. Planta 214:829–836. doi:10.1007/s00425-001-0700-6
Mordhorst AP, Voerman KJ, Hartog MV et al (1998) Somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana is facilitated by mutation in genes repressing meristematic cell divisions. Genetics 149:549–563
Nelissen H, Moloney M, Inzé D (2014) Translational research: from pot to plot. Plant Biotechnol J 12:277–285. doi:10.1111/pbi.12176
Nic-Can GI, López-Torres A, Barredo-Pool F et al (2013) New insights into somatic embryogenesis: LEAFY COTYLEDON1, BABY BOOM1 and WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX4 are epigenetically regulated in Coffea canephora. PLoS ONE 8:e72160. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072160
Nowak K, Wójcikowska B, Gaj MD (2015) ERF022 impacts the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis through the ethylene-related pathway. Planta 241:967–985. doi:10.1007/s00425-014-2225-9
Nowak K, Wojcikowska B, Szyrajew K, Gaj MD (2012) Evaluation of different embryogenic systems for production of true somatic embryos in Arabidopsis. Biol Plant 56:401–408. doi:10.1007/s10535-012-0063-9
O’Neill CM, Mathias RJ (1993) Regeneration of plants from protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana L. cv. Columbia (C24) via direct embryogenesis. J Exp Bot 44:1579–1585. doi:10.1093/jxb/44.10.1579
Omar AA, Dutt M, Gmitter FG et al (2016) Somatic embryogenesis: Still a relevant technique in Citrus improvement. In: Germana AM, Lambardi M (eds) In Vitro Embryogenesis in Higher Plants, Springer, New York, pp 289–327. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3061-6_13
Pfeiffer W, Höftberger M (2001) Oxidative burst in Chenopodium rubrum suspension cells: induction by auxin and osmotic changes. Physiol Plant 111:144–150. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1110203.x
Pillon E, Terzi M, Baldan B et al (1996) A protocol for obtaining embryogenic cell lines from Arabidopsis. Plant J 9:573–577. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313X.1996.09040573.x
Provart NJ, Alonso J, Assmann SM et al (2015) 50 years of Arabidopsis research: highlights and future directions. New Phytol. doi:10.1111/nph.13687
Spannagl M, Mayer K, Durner J et al (2011) Exploring the genomes: from Arabidopsis to crops. J Plant Physiol 168:3–8. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2010.07.008
Stone SL, Kwong LW, Yee KM et al (2001) LEAFY COTYLEDON2 encodes B3 domain transcription factor that induces embryo development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:11806–11811. doi:10.1073/pnas.201413498
Su YH, Xiang Y, Zhao Y et al (2009) Auxin-induced WUS expression is essential for embryonic stem cell renewal during somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. Plant J 59:448–460. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03880.x
Sugimoto K, Jiao Y, Meyerowitz EM (2010) Arabidopsis regeneration from multiple tissues occurs via a root development pathway. Dev Cell 18:463–471. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2010.02.004
Suzuki M, Wang HHY, McCarty DR (2007) Repression of the LEAFY COTYLEDON 1/B3 regulatory network in plant embryo development by VP1/ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE B3 genes. Plant Physiol 143:902–911. doi:10.1104/pp.106.092320
Szurman M, Gliwicka M, Gaj MD (2009) Effect of 5-azacitidine on DNA methylation pattern and somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. Acta Biol Cracoviensia. Series Botanica. Supplement, 51(1)
Tan X, Calderon-Villalobos LIA, Sharon M et al (2007) Mechanism of auxin perception by the TIR1 ubiquitin ligase. Nature 446:640–645. doi:10.1038/nature05731
Tsuwamoto R, Pokoi S, Takahata Y (2010) Arabidopsis EMBRYOMAKER encoding an AP2 domain transcription factor plays a key role in developmental change from vegetative to embryonic phase. Plant Mol Biol 73:481–492. doi:10.1007/s11103-010-9634-3
Wickramasuriya AM, Dunwell JM (2015) Global scale transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis embryogenesis in vitro. BMC Genom 16:1. doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1504-6
Wójcikowska B, Gaj MD (2015) LEAFY COTYLEDON2-mediated control of the endogenous hormone content: implications for the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Tiss Org 121:255–258. doi:10.1007/s11240-014-0689-8
Wójcikowska B, Jaskóła K, Gąsiorek P et al (2013) LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2) promotes embryogenic induction in somatic tissues of Arabidopsis, via YUCCA-mediated auxin biosynthesis. Planta 238:425–440. doi:10.1007/s00425-013-1892-2
Wu Y, Haberland G, Zhou C, Koop HU (1992) Somatic embryogenesis, formation of morphogenetic callus and normal development in zygotic embryos of Arabidopsis thaliana in vitro. Protoplasma 169:89–96. doi:10.1007/BF01323608
Zavattieri MA, Frederico AM, Lima M et al (2010) Induction of somatic embryogenesis as an example of stress-related plant reactions. Electr J Biotechnol 13:12–13. doi:10.2225/vol13-issue1-fulltext-4
Zuo J, Niu QW, Frugis G, Chua NH (2002) The WUSCHEL gene promotes vegetative-to-embryonic transition in Arabidopsis. Plant J 30:349–359. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01289.x
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wójcikowska, B., Gaj, M.D. (2016). Somatic Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. In: Loyola-Vargas, V., Ochoa-Alejo, N. (eds) Somatic Embryogenesis: Fundamental Aspects and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33705-0_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33705-0_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-33704-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-33705-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)