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Mechanisms of Invasion and Metastasis: General Aspects and the Role of Cell Junctions, Adhesion, and Extracellular Matrix

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Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of the Hepatobiliary Tract

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Abstract

Invasion and metastasis of cancer cells involve a complex sequence of events that has been summarized by the use of the term invasion cascade. This concept lists a sequential order of phenomena involved in the complex pathway that cancer cells undertake to invade host tissue and then form metastases. The pathway probably starts with cancer cells leaving a primary lesion by individualization, i.e., being released from a controlling cellular environment. Individualized cancer cells can, due to still unknown mechanisms, acquire a motile phenotype that allows them to migrate through tissues. Morphologically, migrating cancer cells resemble locomoting neutrophils, i.e., being polarized with a leading front and rear end and equipped with a contractile cytoskeleton. Polarized tumor cells may react to chemokinetic and chemotactic stimuli. Migrating tumor cells undergo a continuous shape change and can transverse narrow intercellular spaces. On the other hand, they can acquire a secretory phenotype for diverse species of histolytic enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix, specifically matrix metalloproteinases. By these mechanisms, cancer cells can invade lymph vessels and blood vessels to be transported to remote regions, where regrowth to metastases can ensue.

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  1. University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Arthur Zimmermann

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Zimmermann, A. (2017). Mechanisms of Invasion and Metastasis: General Aspects and the Role of Cell Junctions, Adhesion, and Extracellular Matrix. In: Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of the Hepatobiliary Tract. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26956-6_180

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