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Diagnostic Applications of Nuclear Medicine: Brain Tumors

Nuclear Oncology

  • 203 Accesses

Abstract

PET/CT and PET/MR can be used with various radiopharmaceuticals to assess the mechanisms underlying biochemical changes and physiopathology of brain tumors.

Amino acid tracers are frequently used for most clinical questions. These tracers include, among others, [11C]methionine, L-3,4-dihydroxy-6[18F]fluorophenylalanine ([18F]FDOPA and O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (18F-FLT). Amino acid tracers are particularly accurate to distinguish tumor recurrence and radiation necrosis. The role of [18F]FDG, the earliest PET tracer used for diagnosis and monitoring of brain tumors, is being redefined, due to the availability of amino acid tracers. For in vivo prediction of tumor grade however [18F]FDG is still more accurate than most amino acid tracers.

Higher baseline values of tracer uptake as well as lower percent changes after therapy in treated patients predict shorter survival – this has been shown for several tracers.

PET/CT and PET/MR can be used after surgery to assess the presence of residual tumor. PET, in combination with MR, is increasingly used for the definition of the tumor volume that has to be irradiated. Identification of the part of the tumor that displays highest metabolic activity can also be used to direct stereotaxic biopsy.

Other tracers have been synthetized to explore different biochemical processes, for example, hypoxia (e.g., [18F]-fluoromisonidazole), DNA synthesis (3-deoxy-3-[18F]-fluorothymidine), and membrane proliferation (radiolabeled choline). However, these tracers have a less established role in clinical practice.

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Abbreviations

[11C]MET:

[11C]methionine

[18F]FDG:

2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose

[18F]FDOPA:

L-3,4-dihydroxy-6-[18F]fluorophenylalanine

123I-IAZA:

123I-iodoazomycin arabinoside

123I-IMT:

123I-alpha-methyltyrosine, a tyrosine analog transported as L-tyrosine by the neutral amino acid transporter

18F-FAZA:

18F-azomycin arabinoside

18F-FES:

16α-18F-fluoro-17β-oestradiol

18F-FET:

O-(2-18F-Fluoroethyl)-L-Tyrosine, a tyrosine analog

18F-FLT:

18F-fluorothymidine

18F-FMAU:

18F-2-fluoro-5-methyl-1-beta-d-arabinofuranosyluracil

18F-MISO:

18F-fluoromisonidazole

64Cu-ATSM:

64Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylsemicarbazone)

99mTc-ECD:

99mTc-ethylcisteinate dimer

99mTc-HMPAO:

99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime

ADC:

Apparent diffusion coefficient, a parameter of MR imaging

AJCC:

American Joint Committee on Cancer

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

BTV:

Biological tumor volume (the extent of tumor based on PET imaging); the combination of GTV and BTV provides the planning target volume for radiation therapy

CBF:

Cerebral blood flow

CI:

Confidence interval

CMRglc :

Cerebral metabolic rate for glucose

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

CT:

X-ray computed tomography

DG:

2-Deoxyglucose

DOTA:

1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid

DOTANOC:

DOTA-1-Nal3-octreotide

DOTATATE:

DOTA- Tyr3-octreotate

DOTATOC:

DOTA-octreotate

DTPA:

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid

DWI:

Diffusion-weighted imaging, an MR imaging technique

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor; the mutated form EGFRvIII plays a prominent role in tumorigenesis and proangiogenic signaling

FLAIR:

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, an MR imaging technique

GBM:

Glioblastoma multiforme

GTV:

Gross tumor voume (the extent of the tumor on morphologic imaging)

IDH:

Isocitrate dehydrogenase; mutations of this enzyme occur more frequently in oligodendroglial and astrocytic tumors

KPS:

Karnofsky performance status

LAT1:

L-type amino acid transporter 1

M:

Metastasis status according to the AJCC/UICC TNM staging system

MDR1:

Multidrug resistance gene 1, a characteristic associated with aggressive tumors; this gene encodes for P-glyoprotein

MGMT:

Methyl guanine DNA methyl transferase, a DNA repair enzyme; methylation of MGMT promoter is associated with increased overall survival

MIB-1:

Marker of cell proliferation used for stratification of grades of brain tumors

MoAb:

Monoclonal antibody

MPNST:

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

MR:

Magnetic resonance

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

N:

Lymph node status according to the AJCC/UICC TNM staging system

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PET/CT:

Positron emission tomography/computed tomography

PET/MR:

Positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance

PI3K:

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

PNET:

Primitive neuroectodermic tumor

pRIT:

Pretargeting radioimmunotherapy

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog is a tumor suppressor; PTEN deletions indicate a poor prognosis

RIT:

Radioimmunotherapy

ROC:

Receiver operating characteristic, a statistical analysis to assess the performance of a binary classifier

ROI:

Region of interest

SPECT:

Single photon emission computed tomography

SPECT/CT:

Single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography

SST:

Somatostatin

SSTR:

Somatostatin receptors

SUV:

Standardized uptake value

T:

Tumor status according to the AJCC/UICC TNM staging system

T/N:

Ratio of tumor uptake to normal brain uptake

TBR:

Tumor-to-background ratio

TNM:

AJCC/UICC staging system based on parameters “T” (tumor status), “N” (lymph node status), and “M” (distant metastasis status)

TP53:

Tumor protein p53, also known as cellular tumor antigen p53, phosphoprotein p53, tumor suppressor p53, antigen NY-CO-13, or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53)

UICC:

Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (International Union Against Cancer)

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

VOI:

Volume of interest

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nuclear Medicine Department, S. Andrea Hospital, Via Vittorio Veneto 197, 19124, La Spezia, Italy

    Giampiero Giovacchini

  2. Nuclear Medicine Department, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, S. Andrea Hospital, Via Vittorio Veneto 197, 19124, La Spezia, Italy

    Mattia Riondato, Elisabetta Giovannini & Andrea Ciarmiello

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  1. Giampiero Giovacchini
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  4. Andrea Ciarmiello
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    H. William Strauss

  2. Professor Emeritus, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Giuliano Mariani

  3. Associate Professor and Director of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Duccio Volterrani

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Giovacchini, G., Riondato, M., Giovannini, E., Ciarmiello, A. (2016). Diagnostic Applications of Nuclear Medicine: Brain Tumors. In: Strauss, H., Mariani, G., Volterrani, D., Larson, S. (eds) Nuclear Oncology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26067-9_9-1

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    Diagnostic Applications of Nuclear Medicine: Brain Tumors
    Published:
    23 April 2022

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26067-9_9-2

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    Diagnostic Applications of Nuclear Medicine: Brain Tumors
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    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26067-9_9-1

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