Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Conventional Laser Endodontics

  • Chapter
Lasers in Endodontics

  • 1906 Accesses

Abstract

Laser irradiation of root canals is performed with the conventional fibers or tips inserted into the canal up to the working length and successively activated during the retraction. This technique is suitable for most wavelengths used in dentistry. Medium-infrared wavelengths are well absorbed by water in the dentin and spread their energy superficially over the canal surface; they produce some thermal and ablative effect, clean the canal walls very well, vaporizing the smear layer, exposing the dentinal tubules, and increasing dentinal permeability. Near-infrared wavelengths are not well absorbed by the dentin chromophore and are more penetrating in depth; they produce evident thermal effects with areas of recrystallization of the dentin surface where the smear layer is mainly fused, occluding the dentinal tubules. All wavelengths have an efficient decontaminating action on the main canal surface, with different capacity of penetration in dentin tubules. However, a precise and unambiguous determination of the real bactericidal effect in depth of different lasers has not been reached and also many results are contradictory. When the diode lasers are used in conjunction with conventional irrigation techniques, significant elimination of bacteria is reported, and the morphological pattern produced remained similar to the pattern produced by the use of irrigant alone, limiting the undesired thermal effects correlated with near-infrared laser irradiation. However, the anatomic and operative problems of the introduction of a fiber in narrow and curved canals are still not solved, with the probable impossibility or inefficiency of the procedure in teeth with complicated root canal anatomy, not completely satisfying the needs of modern endodontics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Olivi G. Laser use in endodontics: evolution from direct laser irradiation to laser-activated irrigation. J Laser Dent. 2013;21(2):58–71.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Hibst R, Stock K, Gall R, Keller U. Controlled tooth surface heating and sterilization by Er:YAG laser radiation. Proc SPIE. 1996;2922:119–1261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Liesenhoff T, Lenz H, Seiler T. Root canal preparation using excimer laser beams. ZWR. 1989;98(12):1034. 1037–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Frentzen M, Koort HJ, Nolden R. Root canal preparation using Excimer lasers. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z. 1991;46(4):288–9. German.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Gutknecht N, Behrens VG. Instrumentation of root canal walls with Nd-YAG laser. ZWR. 1991;100(10):748–50, 752, 755. German.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Levy G. Cleaning and shaping the root canal with a Nd:YAG laser beam: a comparative study. J Endod. 1992;18(3):123–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Goodis HE, White JM, Marshall SJ, Marshall Jr GW. Scanning electron microscopic examination of intracanal wall dentin: hand versus laser treatment. Scanning Microsc. 1993;7(3):979–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Moogi P, Nageshwar R. Cleaning and shaping the root canal with an Nd: YAG laser beam: a comparative study. J Conserv Dent. 2010;13(2):84–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Blum JY, Abadie MJ. Study of the Nd:YAP laser. Effect on canal cleanliness. J Endod. 1997;23(11):669–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Shoji S, Hariu H, Horiuchi H. Canal enlargement by Er:YAG laser using a cone-shaped irradiation tip. J Endod. 2000;26(8):454–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kesler G, Gal R, Kesler A, Koren R. Histological and scanning electron microscope examination of root canal after preparation with Er:YAG laser microprobe: a preliminary in vitro study. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2002;20(5):269–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Stabholz A, Zeltser R, Sela M, Peretz B, Moshonov J, Ziskind D, Stabholz A. The use of lasers in dentistry: principles of operation and clinical applications. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2003;24(12):935–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Stabholz A, Sahar-Helft S, Moshonov J. Lasers in endodontics. Dent Clin N Am. 2004;48(4):809–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Inamoto K, Horiba N, Senda S, Naitoh M, Ariji E, Senda A, Nakamura H. Possibility of root canal preparation by Er:YAG laser. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;107(1):e47–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kokuzawa C, Ebihara A, Watanabe S, Anjo T, Bolortuya G, Saegusa H, Suda H. Shaping of the root canal using Er:YAG laser irradiation. Photomed Laser Surg. 2012;30(7):367–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Gordon W, Atabakhsh VA, Meza F, Doms A, Nissan R, Rizoiu I, Stevens RH. The antimicrobial efficacy of the erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser with radial emitting tips on root canal dentin walls infected with Enterococcus faecalis. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007;138(7):992–1002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Schoop U, Barylyak A, Goharkhay K, Beer F, Wernisch J, Georgopoulos A, Sperr W, Moritz A. The impact of an erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser with radial-firing tips on endodontic treatment. Lasers Med Sci. 2009;24(1):59–65. Epub 2007 Nov 20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Chen WH. YSGG laser root canal therapy. Dent Today. 2002;21(5):74–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Chen WH. Laser root canal therapy. J Indiana Dent Assoc. 2002–2003;81(4):20–3.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Minas NH, Meister J, Franzen R, Gutknecht N, Lampert F. In vitro investigation of intra-canal dentine-laser beam interaction aspects: I. Evaluation of ablation capability (ablation rate and efficiency). Lasers Med Sci. 2010;25(6):835–40. Epub 2009 Jul 28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kimura Y, Yonaga K, Yokoyama K, Kinoshita J, Ogata Y, Matsumoto K. Root Surface Temperature Increase during Er:YAG laser irradiation of root canals. J Endod. 2002;28(2):76–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ali MN, Hossain M, Nakamura Y, Matsuoka E, Kinoshita J, Matsumoto K. Efficacy of root canal preparation by Er, Cr:YSGG laser irradiation with crown-down technique in vitro. Photomed Laser Surg. 2005;23(2):196–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Matsuoka E, Jayawardena JA, Matsumoto K. Morphological study of the Er, Cr:YSGG laser for root canal preparation in mandibular incisors with curved root canals. Photomed Laser Surg. 2005;23(5):480–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Jahan KM, Hossain M, Nakamura Y, Yoshishige Y, Kinoshita J, Matsumoto K. An assessment following root canal preparation by Er, Cr:YSGG laser irradiation in straight and curved roots, in vitro. Lasers Med Sci. 2006;21(4):229–34. Epub 2006 Oct 28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Matsuoka E, Jayawardena JA, Matsumoto K. Morphological study on root canal preparation using erbium, chromium:YSGG laser. J Oral Laser Appl. 2005;5(1):17–22.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Roper MJ, White JM, Goodi SE, Gekelman D. Two-dimensional changes and surface characteristics from an erbium laser used for root canal preparation. Lasers Surg Med. 2010;42:379–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Takeda FH, Harashima T, Kimura Y, Matsumoto K. Comparative study about the removal of smear layer by three types of laser devices. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1998;16:117–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Takeda FH, Harashima T, Kimura Y, et al. Efficacy of Er:YAG laser irradiation in removing debris and smear layer on root canal walls. J Endod. 1998;24:548–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Cecchini SCM, Zezell DM, Bachmann L, et al. Evaluation of two laser systems for intracanal irradiation. SPIE. 1999;3593:31–5.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Theodoro LH, Haypek P, Bachmann L, Garcia VG, Sampaio JE, Zezell DM, Eduardo Cde P. Effect of ER:YAG and diode laser irradiation on the root surface: morphological and thermal analysis. J Periodontol. 2003;74(6):838–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Watanabe S, Saegusa H, Anjo T, Ebihara A, Kobayashi C, Suda H. Dentin strain induced by laser irradiation. Aust Endod J. 2010;36(2):74–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Faria MI, Souza-Gabriel AE, Marchesan MA, Sousa-Neto MD, Silva-Sousa YT. Ultrastructural evaluation of radicular dentin after Nd:YAG laser irradiation combined with different chemical substances. Gen Dent. 2008;56(7):641–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kaitsas V, Signore A, Fonzi L, Benedicenti S, Barone M. Effects of Nd: YAG laser irradiation on the root canal wall dentin of human teeth: a SEM study. Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol. 2001;43(3):87–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Tewfik HM, Pashley DH, Horner JA, Sharawy MM. Structural and functional changes in root dentin following exposure to KTP/532 laser. J Endod. 1993;19(10):492–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Gutknecht N, Franzen R, Meister J, Vanweersch L, Mir M. Temperature evolution on human teeth root surface after diode laser assisted endodontic treatment. Lasers Med Sci. 2005;20(2):99–103. Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol. 2001;43(3):87–92. Epub 2005 Jul 9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. da Costa RA, Nogueira GE, Antoniazzi JH, Moritz A, Zezell DM. Effects of diode laser (810 nm) irradiation on root canal walls: thermographic and morphological studies. J Endod. 2007;33(3):252–5. Epub 2006 Dec 13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Alfredo E, Marchesan MA, Sousa-Neto MD, Brugnera-Júnior A, Silva-Sousa YT. Temperature variation at the external root surface during 980-nm diode laser irradiation in the root canal. J Dent. 2008;36(7):529–34. Epub 2008 May 6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. He H, Yu J, Song Y, Lu S, Liu H, Liu L. Thermal and morphological effects of the pulsed Nd:YAG laser on root canal surfaces. Photomed Laser Surg. 2009;27(2):235–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Saunders WP, Whitters CJ, Strang R, Moseley H, Payne AP, McGadey J. The effect of an Nd-YAG pulsed laser on the cleaning of the root canal and the formation of a fused apical plug. Int Endod J. 1995;28(4):213–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Harashima T, Takeda FH, Kimura Y, Matsumoto K. Effect of Nd:YAG laser irradiation for removal of intracanal debris and smear layer in extracted human teeth. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1997;15(3):131–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Koba K, Kimura Y, Matsumoto K, Takeuchi T, Ikarugi T, Shimizu T. A histopathological study of the morphological changes at the apical seat and in the periapical region after irradiation with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Int Endod J. 1998;31(6):415–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Barbakow F, Peters O, Havranek L. Effects of Nd:YAG lasers on root canal walls: a light and scanning electron microscopic study. Quintessence Int. 1999;30(12):837–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Santos C, Sousa-Neto MD, Alfredo E, Guerisoli DM, Pecora JD, Comelli Lia RF. Morphologic evaluation of the radicular dentine irradiated with Nd:YAG laser under different parameters and angles of incidence. Photomed Laser Surg. 2005;23(6):590–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hasheminia SM, Birang R, Feizianfard M, Nasouri MA. Comparative study of the removal of smear layer by two endodontic irrigants and Nd:YAG laser: a scanning electron microscopic study. ISRN Dent. 2012;2012:620951. Epub 2012 Jul 16.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Moshonov J, Peretz B, Brown T, Rotstein I. Cleaning of the root canal using Nd:YAP laser and its effect on the mineral content of the dentin. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2003;21(5):279–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. de Moura-Netto C, de Moura AA, Davidowicz H, Aun CE, Antonio MP. Morphologic changes and removal of debris on apical dentin surfaces after Nd:YAG laser and diode laser irradiation. Photomed Laser Surg. 2008;26(3):263–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Parirokh M, Eghbal MJ, Asgary S, Ghoddusi J, Stowe S, Forghani F, Shahravan A. Effect of 808 nm diode laser irradiation on root canal walls after smear layer removal: a scanning electron microscope study. Iran Endod J. 2007;2(2):37–42. Epub 2007 Jul 5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. da Fonseca Alvarez A, Moura-Netto C, Daliberto Frugoli A, Fernando C, Correa Aranha AC, Davidowicz H. Temperature changes on the root surfaces of mandibular incisors after an 810-nm high-intensity intracanal diode laser irradiation. J Biomed Opt. 2012;17(1):015006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Wang X, Sun Y, Kimura Y, Kinoshita J, Ishizaki NT, Matsumoto K. Effects of diode laser irradiation on smear layer removal from root canal walls and apical leakage after obturation. Lasers Med Sci. 2005;20(2):99–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Marchesan MA, Brugnera-Junior A, Ozorio JE, Pécora JD, Sousa-Neto MD. Effect of 980-nanometer diode laser on root canal permeability after dentin treatment with different chemical solutions. J Endod. 2008;34(6):721–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Marchesan MA, Brugnera-Junior A, Souza-Gabriel AE, Correa-Silva SR, Sousa-Neto MD. Ultrastructural analysis of root canal dentine irradiated with 980-nm diode laser energy at different parameters. Photomed Laser Surg. 2008;26(3):235–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Alfredo E, Souza-Gabriel AE, Silva SR, Sousa-Neto MD, Brugnera-Junior A, Silva-Sousa YT. Morphological alterations of radicular dentine pretreated with different irrigating solutions and irradiated with 980-nm diode laser. Microsc Res Tech. 2009;72(1):22–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Takeda FH, Harashima T, Kimura Y, Matsumoto K. A comparative study of the removal of smear layer by three endodontic irrigants and two types of laser. Int Endod J. 1999;32(1):32–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Yamazaki R, Goya C, Yu DG, Kimura Y, Matsumoto K. Effects of erbium, chromium:YSGG laser irradiation on root canal walls: a scanning electron microscopic and thermographic study. J Endod. 2001;27(1):9–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ishizaki NT, Matsumoto K, Kimura Y, Wang X, Kinoshita J, Okano SM, Jayawardena JA. Thermographical and morphological studies of Er, Cr:YSGG laser irradiation on root canal walls. Photomed Laser Surg. 2004;22(4):291–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Silva AC, Guglielmi C, Meneguzzo DT, Aranha AC, Bombana AC, de Paula EC. Analysis of permeability and morphology of root canal dentin after Er, Cr:YSGG laser irradiation. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010;28(1):103–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kimura Y, Tanabe M, Imai H, Amano Y, Masuda Y, Yamada Y. Histological examination of experimentally infected root canals after preparation by Er:YAG laser irradiation. Lasers Med Sci. 2011;26(6):749–54. Epub 2010 Jun 24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ebihara A, Majaron B, Liaw LH, Krasieva TB, Wilder-Smith P. Er:YAG laser modification of root canal dentine: influence of pulse duration, repetitive irradiation and water spray. Lasers Med Sci. 2002;17(3):198–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kivanç BH, Ulusoy OI, Görgül G. Effects of Er:YAG laser and Nd:YAG laser treatment on the root canal dentin of human teeth: a SEM study. Lasers Med Sci. 2008;23(3):247–52. Epub 2007 Jul 21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Esteves-Oliveira M, de Guglielmi CA, Ramalho KM, Arana-Chavez VE, de Eduardo CP. Comparison of dentin root canal permeability and morphology after irradiation with Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and diode lasers. Lasers Med Sci. 2010;25(5):755–60. Epub 2010 Apr 27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Michiels R, Vergauwen TE, Mavridou A, Meire M, De Bruyne M, De Moor RJ. Investigation of coronal leakage of root fillings after smear-layer removal with EDTA or Nd:YAG lasing through capillary-flow porometry. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010;28 Suppl 2:S43–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Vergauwen TE, Michiels R, Torbeyns D, Meire M, De Bruyne M, De Moor RJ. Investigation of coronal leakage of root fillings after smear layer removal with EDTA or Er, Cr:YSGG laser through capillary flow porometry. Int J Dent. 2014;2014:593160.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Pecora JD, Brugnera-Júnior A, Cussioli AL, Zanin F, Silva R. Evaluation of dentin root canal permeability after instrumentation and Er:YAG laser application. Lasers Surg Med. 2000;26(3):277–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Brugnera Jr A, Zanin F, Barbin EL, Spanó JC, Santana R, Pécora JD. Effects of Er:YAG and Nd:YAG laser irradiation on radicular dentine permeability using different irrigating solutions. Lasers Surg Med. 2003;33(4):256–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Biedma BM, Varela Patiño P, Park SA, Barciela Castro N, Magán Muñoz F, González Bahillo JD, Cantatore G. Comparative study of root canals instrumented manually and mechanically, with and without Er:YAG laser. Photomed Laser Surg. 2005;23(5):465–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Altundasar E, Ozçelik B, Cehreli ZC, Matsumoto K. Ultramorphological and histochemical changes after ER, CR:YSGG laser irradiation and two different irrigation regimes. J Endod. 2006;32(5):465–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Radatti DA, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG. A comparison of the efficacy of Er, Cr:YSGG laser and rotary instrumention in root canal debridement. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137(9):1261–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Varella CH, Pileggi R. Obturation of root canal system treated by Er, Cr:YSGG laser irradiation. J Endod. 2007;33(9):1091–3. Epub 2007 Jul 5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kalyoncuoğlu E, Demiryürek EÖ. A comparative scanning electron microscopy evaluation of smear layer removal from teeth with different irrigation solutions and lasers. Microsc Microanal. 2013;19(6):1465–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Olivi G, Olivi M, Kaitsas V, Benedicenti S. Utilizzo del laser a diodi 810 nm in endodonzia: indagine morfologica al SEM. Dentista Moderno. Ottobre. 2013;31(10):122–128. (article in italian).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Gurbuz T, Ozdemir Y, Kara N, Zehir C, Kurudirek M. Evaluation of root canal dentin after Nd:YAG laser irradiation and treatment with five different irrigation solutions: a preliminary study. J Endod. 2008;34(3):318–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Hmud R, Kahler WA, George R, Walsh LJ. Cavitational effects in aqueous endodontic irrigants generated by near-infrared lasers. J Endod. 2010;36(2):275–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Hmud R, Kahler WA, Walsh LJ. Temperature changes accompanying near infrared diode laser endodontic treatment of wet canals. J Endod. 2010;36(5):908–11. Epub 2010 Mar 7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Deleu E, Meire MA, De Moor RJ. Efficacy of laser-based irrigant activation methods in removing debris from simulated root canal irregularities. Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30(2):831–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Benedicenti S, Cassanelli C, Signore A, Ravera G, Angiero F. Decontamination of root canals with the gallium-aluminum-arsenide laser: an in vitro study. Photomed Laser Surg. 2008;26(4):367–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Meire MA, De Prijck K, Coenye T, Nelis HJ, De Moor RJ. Effectiveness of different laser systems to kill Enterococcus faecalis in aqueous suspension and in an infected tooth model. Int Endod J. 2009;42(4):351–9. Epub 2009 Feb 7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Mohammadi Z, Shalavi S. Antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite in endodontics. J Mass Dent Soc. 2013;62(1):28–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Berutti E, Marini R, Angeretti A. Penetration ability of different irrigants into dentinal tubules. J Endod. 1997;23(12):725–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Kouchi Y, Ninomiya J, Yasuda H, Fukui K, Moriyama T, Okamoto H. Location of Streptococcus mutans in the dentinal tubules of open infected root canals. J Dent Res. 1980;59(12):2038–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Pirnat S, Lukac M, Ihan A. Study of the direct bactericidal effect of Nd:YAG and diode laser parameters used in endodontics on pigmented and nonpigmented bacteria. Lasers Med Sci. 2011;26(6):755–61. Epub 2010 Jun 27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Moritz A. Oral laser application. Berlin: Quintessence Verlags-GmbH; 2006. p. 258–77.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Moritz A, Jakolitsch S, Goharkhay K, Schoop U, Kluger W, Mallinger R, Sperr W, Georgopoulos A. Morphologic changes correlating to different sensitivities of Escherichia coli and enterococcus faecalis to Nd:YAG laser irradiation through dentin. Lasers Surg Med. 2000;26(3):250–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Neuman KC, Chadd EH, Liou GF, Bergman K, Block SM. Characterization of photodamage to Escherichia coli in optical traps. Biophys J. 1999;77:2856–63.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Mirsaidov U, Timp W, Timp K, Mir M, Matsudaira P, Timp G. Optimal optical trap for bacterial viability. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2008;78(2 Pt 1):021910.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Murray BE. The life and times of the Enterococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1990;3:46–65.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Schoop U, Kluger W, Moritz A, Nedjelik N, Georgopoulos A, Sperr W. Bactericidal effect of different laser systems in the deep layers of dentin. Lasers Surg Med. 2004;35:111–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. de Paz LE C, Bergenholtz G, Svensäter G. The effects of antimicrobials on endodontic biofilm bacteria. J Endod. 2010;36(1):70–7. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2009.09.017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Mohammadi Z, Palazzi F, Giardino L, Shalavi S. Microbial biofilms in endodontic infections: an update review. Biomed J. 2013;36(2):59–70. doi:10.4103/2319-4170.110400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Hardee MW, Miserendino LJ, Kos W, Walia H. Evaluation of the antibacterial effects of intracanal Nd:YAG laser irradiation. J Endod. 1994;20(8):377–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Fegan SE, Steiman HR. Comparative evaluation of the antibacterial effects of intracanal Nd:YAG laser irradiation: an in vitro study. J Endod. 1995;21(8):415–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Moshonov J, Orstavik D, Yamauchi S, Pettiette M, Trope M. Nd:YAG laser irradiation in root canal disinfection. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1995;11(5):220–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Gutknecht N, Kaiser F, Hassan A, Lampert F. Long-term clinical evaluation of endodontically treated teeth by Nd:YAG lasers. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1996;14(1):7–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Ramsköld LO, Fong CD, Strömberg T. Thermal effects and antibacterial properties of energy levels required to sterilize stained root canals with an Nd:YAG laser. J Endod. 1997;23(2):96–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Blum JY, Michailesco P, Abadie MJ. An evaluation of the bactericidal effect of the Nd:YAP laser. J Endod. 1997;23(9):583–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Klinke T, Klimm W, Gutknecht N. Antibacterial effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation within root canal dentine. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1997;15:29–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Moritz A, Gutknecht N, Goharkhay K, Schoop U, Wernisch J, Sperr W. In vitro irradiation of infected root canals with a diode laser: results of microbiologic, infrared spectrometric, and stain penetration examinations. Quintessence Int. 1997;28(3):205–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Moritz A, Doertbudak O, Gutknecht N, Goharkhay K, Schoop U, Sperr W. Nd:YAG laser irradiation of infected root canals in combination with microbiological examinations. J Am Dent Assoc. 1997;128(11):1525–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Moritz A, Schoop U, Goharkhay K, Jakolitsch S, Kluger W, Wernisch J, Sperr W. The bactericidal effect of Nd:YAG, Ho:YAG, and Er:YAG laser irradiation in the root canal: an in vitro comparison. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1999;17(4):161–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Schoop U, Kluger W, Dervisbegovic S, Goharkhay K, Wernisch J, Georgopoulos A, Sperr W, Moritz A. Innovative wavelengths in endodontic treatment. Lasers Surg Med. 2006;38(6):624–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Franzen R, Gutknecht N, Falken S, Heussen N, Meister J. Bactericidal effect of a Nd:YAG laser on Enterococcus faecalis at pulse durations of 15 and 25 ms in dentine depths of 500 and 1,000 μm. Lasers Med Sci. 2011;26(1):95–101. Epub 2010 Aug 31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Beer F, Buchmair A, Wernisch J, Georgopoulos A, Moritz A. Comparison of two diode lasers on bactericidity in root canals-an in vitro study. Lasers Med Sci. 2012;27(2):361–4. Epub 2011 Feb 2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Meire MA, Coenye T, Nelis HJ, De Moor RJ. Evaluation of Nd:YAG and Er:YAG irradiation, antibacterial photodynamic therapy and sodium hypochlorite treatment on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Int Endod J. 2012;45(5):482–91. Epub 2012 Jan 14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Bago I, Plečko V, Gabrić Pandurić D, Schauperl Z, Baraba A, Anić I. Antimicrobial efficacy of a high-power diode laser, photo-activated disinfection, conventional and sonic activated irrigation during root canal treatment. Int Endod J. 2013;46(4):339–47. Epub 2012 Sep 13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Sadık B, Arıkan S, Beldüz N, Yaşa Y, Karasoy D, Cehreli M. Effects of laser treatment on endodontic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis: a systematic review. Photomed Laser Surg. 2013;31(5):192–200. Epub 2013 Apr 15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. de Souza EB, Cai S, Simionato MR, Lage-Marques JL. High-power diode laser in the disinfection in depth of the root canal dentin. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;106(1):e68–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Mehrvarzfar P, Saghiri MA, Asatourian A, Fekrazad R, Karamifar K, Eslami G, Dadresanfar B. Additive effect of a diode laser on the antibacterial activity of 2.5% NaOCl, 2% CHX and MTAD against Enterococcus faecalis contaminating root canals: an in vitro study. J Oral Sci. 2011;53(3):355–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Preethee T, Kandaswamy D, Arathi G, Hannah R. Bactericidal effect of the 908 nm diode laser on Enterococcus faecalis in infected root canals. J Conserv Dent. 2012;15(1):46–50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Romeo U, Palaia G, Nardo A, Tenore G, Telesca V, Kornblit R, Del Vecchio A, Frioni A, Valenti P, Berlutti F. Effectiveness of KTP laser versus 980 nm diode laser to kill Enterococcus faecalis in biofilms developed in experimentally infected root canals. Aust Endod J. 2015;41(1):17–23. doi:10.1111/aej.12057. [Epub 2014 Mar 3].

    Google Scholar 

  109. Neelakantan P, Cheng CQ, Mohanraj R, Sriraman P, Subbarao C, Sharma S. Antibiofilm activity of three irrigation protocols activated by ultrasonic, diode laser or Er:YAG laser in vitro. Int Endod J. 2015;48(6):602–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Moritz A. Oral laser application. Berlin: Quintessence Verlags-GmbH; 2006. p. 265–6.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Kesler G, Koren R, Kesler A, Hay N, Gal R. Histological changes induced by CO2 laser microprobe specially designed for root canal sterilization: in vivo study. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1998;16(5):263–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Le Goff A, Dautel-Morazin A, Guigand M, Vulcain JM, Bonnaure-Mallet M. An evaluation of the CO2 laser for endodontic disinfection. J Endod. 1999;25(2):105–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Kesler G, Koren R, Kesler A, Hay N, Gal R. Three years of clinical evaluation of endodontically treated teeth by 15 F CO2 laser microprobe: in vivo study. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1999;17(3):111–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Gutknecht N, Nuebler-Moritz M, Burghardt SF, Lampert F. The efficiency of root canal disinfection using a holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser in vitro. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1997;15(2):75–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Perin FM, França SC, Silva-Sousa YT, Alfredo E, Saquy PC, Estrela C, Sousa-Neto MD. Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of Er:YAG laser irradiation versus 1% sodium hypochlorite irrigation for root canal disinfection. Aust Endod J. 2004;30(1):20–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Vezzani MS, Pietro R, Silva-Sousa YT, Brugnera-Junior A, Sousa-Neto MD. Disinfection of root canals using Er:YAG laser at different frequencies. Photomed Laser Surg. 2006;24(4):499–502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Wang QQ, Zhang CF, Yin XZ. Evaluation of the bactericidal effect of Er, Cr:YSGG, and Nd:YAG lasers in experimentally infected root canals. J Endod. 2007;33(7):830–2. Epub 2007 May 7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Eldeniz AU, Ozer F, Hadimli HH, Erganis O. Bactericidal efficacy of Er, Cr:YSGG laser irradiation against Enterococcus faecalis compared with NaOCl irrigation: an ex vivo pilot study. Int Endod J. 2007;40(2):112–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Araki AT, Ibraki Y, Kawakami T, Lage-Marques JL. Er:Yag laser irradiation of the microbiological apical biofilm. Braz Dent J. 2006;17(4):296–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Noiri Y, Katsumoto T, Azakami H, Ebisu S. Effects of Er:YAG laser irradiation on biofilm-forming bacteria associated with endodontic pathogens in vitro. J Endod. 2008;34(7):826–9. Epub 2008 May 22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Schoop U, Goharkhay K, Klimscha J, Zagler M, Wernisch J, Georgopoulos A, Sperr W, Moritz A. The use of the erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser in endodontic treatment: the results of an in vitro study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007;138(7):949–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Dewsnup N, Pileggi R, Haddix J, Nair U, Walker C, Varella CH. Comparison of bacterial reduction in straight and curved canals using erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser treatment versus a traditional irrigation technique with sodium hypochlorite. J Endod. 2010;36(4):725–8. Epub 2010 Feb 6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Arnabat J, Escribano C, Fenosa A, Vinuesa T, Gay-Escoda C, Berini L, Viñas M. Bactericidal activity of erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser in root canals. Lasers Med Sci. 2010;25(6):805–10. Epub 2009 Jun 23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Yavari HR, Rahimi S, Shahi S, Lotfi M, Barhaghi MH, Fatemi A, Abdolrahimi M. Effect of Er, Cr: YSGG laser irradiation on Enterococcus faecalis in infected root canals. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010;28 Suppl 1:S91–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Yasuda Y, Kawamorita T, Yamaguchi H, Saito T. Bactericidal effect of Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers in experimentally infected curved root canals. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010;28 Suppl 2:S75–8. doi:10.1089/pho.2009.2554. Epub 2010 Aug 25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Dos Santos Antonio MP, Moura-Netto C, Camargo SE, Davidowicz H, Marques MM, Maranhão de Moura AA. Bactericidal effects of two parameters of Er:YAG laser intracanal irradiation: ex-vivo study. Lasers Med Sci. 2012;27(6):1165–8. Epub 2011 Nov 23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Cheng X, Guan S, Lu H, Zhao C, Chen X, Li N, Bai Q, Tian Y, Yu Q. Evaluation of the bactericidal effect of Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, Er, Cr:YSGG laser radiation, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in experimentally infected root canals. Lasers Surg Med. 2012;44(10):824–31. doi:10.1002/lsm.22092. Epub 2012 Nov 20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Martins MR, Carvalho MF, Vaz IP, Capelas JA, Martins MA, Gutknecht N. Efficacy of Er, Cr:YSGG laser with endodontical radial firing tips on the outcome of endodontic treatment: blind randomized controlled clinical trial with six-month evaluation. Lasers Med Sci. 2013;28(4):1049–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. InLaser Rome – Advanced Center for Esthetic and Laser Dentistry, Rome, Italy

    Giovanni Olivi MD, DDS & Matteo Olivi DDS

Authors
  1. Giovanni Olivi MD, DDS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Matteo Olivi DDS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Giovanni Olivi MD, DDS .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. InLaser Rome, Advanced Center for Esthetic and Laser Dentistry, Rome, Italy

    Giovanni Olivi

  2. Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Roeland De Moor

  3. Arizona School of Dentistryand Oral Health, Mesa, Arizona, USA

    Enrico DiVito

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Olivi, G., Olivi, M. (2016). Conventional Laser Endodontics. In: Olivi, G., De Moor, R., DiVito, E. (eds) Lasers in Endodontics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19327-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19327-4_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-19326-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-19327-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation