Abstract
In this chapter, I address two questions. First, I discuss the question of how people face the knowledge that their ingroup fellows have committed grave harm towards other groups. Through providing a brief empirical overview of the above question, I argue that acknowledgment of ingroup responsibility should be regarded as an important social, psychological, and political process for sustainable intergroup reconciliation (see Bar-Tal, Intractable conflicts: psychological foundations and dynamics, 2013 on peacebuilding processes). In the second part of this chapter, I discuss and analyze the relationship between two psychological processes, which might arise as a consequence of acknowledgment of ingroup responsibility. Those are personal acceptance of ingroup responsibility (as a moral response) and group-based guilt (as an emotional response). I discuss the relationship between these two constructs, not only in the light of empirical evidence from a post-conflict context in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also using the theoretical framework on societal beliefs as proposed by Bar-Tal (2000).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bandura, A. (1990). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behaviour and development: Theory, research and applications. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 193–209.
Bar-Tal, D. (2000). Shared beliefs in a society: Social psychological analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Bar-Tal, D. (2007). Sociopsychological foundations of intractable conflicts. American Behavioral Scientist, 50, 1430–1453.
Bar-Tal, D. (2009). Reconciliation as a foundation of culture of peace. In J. de Rivera (Ed.), Handbook on building cultures for peace (pp. 363–377). New York: Springer
Bar-Tal, D. (2013). Intractable conflicts: Psychological foundations and dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bar-Tal, D., & Čehajić-Clancy, S. (2013). From collective victimhood to social reconciliation: Outlining a conceptual framework. In D. Spini, D. Čorkalo Biruški, & G. Elcheroth (Eds.), War and community: Collective experiences in the former Yugoslavia. New York: Springer.
Bar-Tal, D., & Hammack, P. L. (2012). Conflict, delegitimization and violence. In L. R. Tropp (Ed.), Oxford handbook of intergroup conflict. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bilewicz, M., & Jaworska, M. (2013). Reconciliation through the righteous: The narratives of heroic helpers as a fulfillment of emotional needs in Polish-Jewish intergroup contact. Journal of Social Issues, 69, 162–179.
Branscombe, N. R., & Doosje, B. (2004). Collective guilt: International perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Branscombe, N. R., Doosje, B., & McGarty, C. (2002). Antecedents and consequences of collective guilt. In D. M. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups (pp. 49–66). New York: Psychology Press.
Čehajić, S., & Brown, R. (2008). Not in my name: A social psychological study of antecedents and consequences of acknowledgment of ingroup atrocities. Genocide Studies and Prevention (a special issue on the Aftermath of Genocide), 3, 195–212.
Čehajić, S., & Brown, R. (2010). Silencing the past: Effect of intergroup contact on acknowledgment of ingroup atrocities. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 190–196.
Čehajić, S., Effron, D., Halperin, E., Liberman, V., & Ross, L. (2011). Affirmation, acknowledgment of ingroup responsibility, group-based guilt, and support for reparative measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 256–270.
Čehajić-Clancy, S. (2012). Coming to terms with the past marked by collective violence: The question of collective (moral) responsibility. In O. Simic & Z. Volcic (Eds.), Peace psychology in the Balkans (pp. 235–244). New York: Springer.
Čehajić-Clancy, S., & Brown, R. (2014). The burden of our times: Antecedents of group-based guilt and shame. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 20(2), 166.
Cohen, S. (2001). States of denial: Knowing about atrocities and suffering. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Crozier, W. R. (1998). Self-consciousness in shame: The role of the ‘other’. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 28, 273–286.
Dimitrijevic, N. (2006). Moral responsibility for collective crime. Belgrade Circle Journal Special Issue Community of Memory, 1–4, 25–44.
Doosje, B., Branscombe, N. R., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1998). Guilty by association: When one’s group has a negative history. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 872–886.
Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Halperin, E. (2011). Emotional barriers to peace: Emotions and public opinion of Jewish Israelis about the peace process in the Middle East. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 17, 22–45.
Iyer, A., Leach, C. W., & Crosby, F. J. (2003). White guilt and racial compensation: The benefits and limits of self-focus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 117–129.
Iyer, A., Schmader, T., & Lickel, B. (2006). Why individuals protest the perceived transgressions of their country: The role of anger, shame, and guilt. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 572–587.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Leach, C. W., Snider, N., & Iyer, A. (2002). “Poisoning the consciences of the fortunate”: The experience of relative advantage and support for social equality. In I. Walker & H. Smith (Eds.), Relative deprivation: Specification, development and integration (pp. 136–163). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Leach, C. W., Iyer, A., & Pedersen, A. (2006). Anger and guilt about in-group advantage explain the willingness for political action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1232–1245. doi:10.1177/0146167206289729.
Leach, C., Zeinnedine, F., & Čehajić, S. (2012). Moral immemorial: The rarity of self criticism for previous generations’ genocide. In J. Vollhardt & M. Bilewicz (Eds.), The aftermath of genocide: Psychological perspectives. Journal of Social Issues, 69, 34–53.
Lederach, J. P. (1997). Building peace: Sustainable reconciliation in divided societies. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Lederach, J. P. (1998). Beyond violence: Building sustainable peace. In E. Weiner (Ed.), The handbook of interethnic coexistence (pp. 236–245). New York: The Continuum Publishing Company.
Lewis, H. D. (1948). Collective responsibility. Philosophy, 24, 3–18.
Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.
Lickel, B., Schmader, T., & Barquissau, M. (2004). Evocation of moral emotions in intergroup contexts: The distinction between collective guilt and collective shame. In N. R. Branscombe & B. Doosje (Eds.), Collective guilt: International perspectives (pp. 35–55). Cambridge: University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139106931.005.
May, L. (1992). Sharing responsibility. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
McGarty, C., Pederson, A., Leach, C. W., Mansell, T., Waller, J., & Bliuc, A.-M. (2005). Group-based guilt as a predictor of commitment to apology. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 659–680.
Minow, M. (1998). Between vengeance and forgiveness. Boston: Beacon Press
Nadler, A., & Liviatan, I. (2004). Intergroup reconciliation: Effects of adversary’s expressions of empathy, responsibility, and recipients’ trust. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 459–470.
Noor, M., Shnabel, N., Halabi, S., & Nadler, A. (2012). When suffering begets suffering: The psychology of competitive victimhood between adversarial groups in violent conflicts. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16, 351–374.
Pedersen, A., Beven, J., Walker, I., & Griffiths, B. (2004). Attitudes toward Indigenous-Australians: The role of empathy and guilt. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 14, 233-249. doi:10.1002/casp.771.
Radzik, L. (2001). Collective responsibility and duties to respond. Social Theory and Practice, 27, 455–471.
Roseman, I. J., Wiest, C., & Swartz, T. S. (1994). Phenomenology, behaviour, and goals differentiate discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 206–221.
Scherer, K. R. (1988). Criteria for emotion-antecedent appraisal: A review. In V. Hamilton, G. H. Bower, & N. H. Frijda (Eds.), Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation (pp. 89–126). Norwell: Kluwer.
Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006). The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 138–242.
Siemer, M., Mauss, I., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Same situation—different emotions: How appraisals shape our emotions. Emotion, 7, 592–600.
Simon, B., Pantaleo, G., & Mummendey, A. (1995). Unique individual or interchangeable group member? The accentuation of intragroup differences versus similarities as an indicator of the individual self versus collective self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 106–119.
Simon, B., Hastedt, C., Aufderheide, B. (1997). When self-categorization makes sense: The role of meaningful social categorization in minority and majority members’ self-perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 310–320.
Smith, E. R. (1993). Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping (pp. 297–315). Academic Press: New York.
Smith, E. R. (1999). Affective and cognitive implications of a group becoming part of the self: New models of prejudice and of the self-concept. In D. Abrams & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity and social cognition (pp. 183–196). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Smith, R. H., Webster, M., Parrott, W. G., & Eyre, H. L. (2002). The role of public exposure in moral and nonmoral shame and guilt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 138–159.
Staub, E. (1989). The roots of evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Staub, E. (2003). The psychology of good and evil: The roots of benefiting and harming other. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 261–302). New York: Academic Press.
Swim, J. K., & Miller, D. L. (1999). White guilt: Its antecedents and consequences for attitudes toward affirmative action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 500–514.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago: Nelson Hall.
Tangney, J. P. (1991). Moral affect: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 598–607.
Tangney, J. P., & Fischer, K. W. (1995). Self conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment and pride. New York: Guilford.
Tangney, J. P., Miller, R. S., Flicker, L., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Are shame, guilt and embarrassment distinct emotions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1256–1269.
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Tutu, D. (1999). No future without forgiveness. London: Rider.
Vollhardt, J. R. (2012). Collective victimization. In L. Tropp (Ed.), Oxford handbook of intergroup conflict (pp. 136–157). New York: Oxford University Press.
Wohl, M., Branscombe, N., & Klar, Y. (2006). Collective guilt: Emotional reactions when one’s group has done wrong or been wronged. European Review of Social Psychology, 17, 1–37.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Čehajić-Clancy, S. (2015). Dealing with Ingroup Committed Atrocities: Moral Responsibility and Group-Based Guilt. In: Halperin, E., Sharvit, K. (eds) The Social Psychology of Intractable Conflicts. Peace Psychology Book Series, vol 27. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17861-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17861-5_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-17860-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-17861-5
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)