Abstract
Zooarchaeology is the study of animal bones from archaeological sites. Africa has the longest archaeological record in the world, potentially extending into the Pliocene and spanning the entire Pleistocene epoch. However, in comparison to other regions of Eurasia, this extended chronology in Africa has not translated to larger numbers of identified sites, more even distribution of sites, or more abundant faunal data. Here, we describe the methods commonly used by zooarchaeologists to analyze faunal assemblages, followed by a summary of general faunal taxonomic patterns across the continent. We then compile data from all Pleistocene zooarchaeological assemblages in Africa for which there is a published record of the site in a peer-reviewed journal or book as of the end of 2020. This facilitates a region-by-region discussion of trends in readily available zooarchaeological data and evaluation of their potential to inform about past environments and hominin interactions with faunal communities. We note that faunal remains exclusively recovered from surface contexts are not included as it is not possible to ascertain their chronological coherence or certainty of association.
The reviewed faunal assemblages (N = 409) display a great deal of variability in composition, size, and distribution patterns, largely driven by a combination of depositional factors (in which fossils are likely to preserve in stable depositional settings) and research emphasis (in which archaeologists have worked most intensively versus those less explored). This variability is also tied to the individual regional histories of archaeological infrastructure development, which support repositories and training centers in the form of museums and universities. Most of the faunal data come from eastern, southern, and northern Africa and the Horn, which have rich assemblages from both open-air and cave/rock shelter sites that span the Pleistocene. In contrast, most archaeofaunas from other regions derive from sheltered sites that emphasize the preservation of the Late Pleistocene part of the record and tend to comprise many more fragments. In spite of significant geographic and chronological bias, research on Pleistocene faunal assemblages from Africa has made substantial contributions to understanding early human–animal interactions, developing zooarchaeological methods, and reconstructing ancient environments. There is significant potential for future research to continue doing so, both by revisiting the existing assemblages with new methods and by excavating new ones.
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Acknowledgments
Thanks are owed to Amanuel Beyin and David Wright for organizing the original symposium that formed the basis of this volume. We thank Kenechi Ijemere for his contributions to filling out some data in Table 1. Andrew Kandel and Zara Kanaeva of the project “The Role of Culture in Early Expansions of Humans” (ROCEEH) provided an additional list of Pleistocene sites in Africa containing both lithics and fauna, and their coordinates, from the ROCEEH Out of Africa Database (ROAD). A.B. thanks Gary Haynes (University of Nevada), Romala Govender (Iziko Museums of South Africa), Charity Ndlovu (Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe), Manuel Gutierrez (Université de Paris I), Daniela de Matos (Universität Tübingen), Mirriam Tawane (Ditsong Museums of South Africa), and Constance Mulenga (Livingstone Museum) for providing precious information and advice on Pleistocene fossil assemblages from the southern-central region. E.Y.H. thanks Eslem Ben Arous (Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History) for references on the geochronology of Casablanca area sites, Giulio Lucarini (Instituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, and Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”) for references on locality coordinates in Egypt and Libya, and Eleanor Scerri (Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History) for information on Adrar Bous. B.P. thanks Justin Adams (Monash University), Erella Hovers (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem), Tiphaine Maurin (Université de Bordeaux), Jackson Njau (Indiana University), Sally Reynolds (Bournemouth University), and Michael Rogers (Southern Connecticut State University) for access to references and/or relevant information on Early Pleistocene assemblages from southern and eastern Africa. Jürgen Richter (University of Cologne) and Wim Van Neer (Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences) were most helpful in assisting us with sourcing references. J. Tyler Faith and Teresa Steele provided constructive reviews of the initial draft.
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Thompson, J.C., Bertacchi, A., Keller, H.M., Hallett, E.Y., Pobiner, B. (2023). The Zooarchaeology of Pleistocene Africa. In: Beyin, A., Wright, D.K., Wilkins, J., Olszewski, D.I. (eds) Handbook of Pleistocene Archaeology of Africa . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20290-2_126
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