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Opioid Dependence, Tolerance, and Withdrawal

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Opioids

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Abstract

This chapter describes the main adaptive changes occurring after repeated opioid administration at different levels: behavioral, pharmacological, cellular, and molecular. The first part provides an overview of opioid dependence characteristics and tools for its diagnosis in humans. It also defines the concepts of tolerance, physical dependence, and withdrawal and explains some animal models to study opioid dependence. The second section includes updated information about brain regions involved in addiction, the development of tolerance and withdrawal, and the associated adaptive changes at the intracellular level. The chapter also reviews other mechanisms involved in the long-term effects of opioids, such as neuroplasticity, changes in neurotransmitter release, activation of anti-opioid systems, and neuroinflammation. Finally, it presents clinical and preclinical strategies to reduce the undesirable side effects of opioids.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), IPN, Mexico City, Mexico

    César J. Carranza-Aguilar, María Teresa Rivera-García & Silvia L. Cruz

  2. Opioids Working Group, Global Studies Seminar, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

    Silvia L. Cruz

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    Silvia L. Cruz

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Carranza-Aguilar, C.J., Rivera-García, M.T., Cruz, S.L. (2022). Opioid Dependence, Tolerance, and Withdrawal. In: Cruz, S.L. (eds) Opioids. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09936-6_13

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