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Chromium Pollution and Its Bioremediation: An Overview

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Microbial and Biotechnological Interventions in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation

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Abstract

In this contemporary scenario of urbanization and industrialization, chromium metal owes great significance. Due to hardness and resistance to corrosion, it is extensively utilized as raw material in various industries, the waste thus produced (sludge, fly ash, ash, slag, etc.) from these industries is a major contributor of chromium metal contamination to the environment. Chromium exhibits nine valence states ranging from −2 to +6, however, it predominantly exists in Cr (VI) and Cr (III) oxidation states. Cr (III) and Cr (VI) differ widely in physicochemical and biological reactivity behaviors. Trivalent chromium possesses less toxicity and it can also be precipitated in the form of hydroxide (Cr(OH)3). But the hexavalent chromium is highly toxic, mobile, and very difficult to precipitate. It is a strong oxidant, poses carcinogenic, mutagenic, and genotoxic effects on biotic communities, as it is easily diffusible through soil and water ecosystems. The existing remediation technologies such as land filling, stabilization, soil washing, flushing, excavation, ion exchange, adsorption, reverse osmosis, membrane separation, and solvent extraction are physicochemical methods. These physical and chemical curation processes are less complicated, speedy, and effective in metal exudation, but they consume a high amount of chemicals and energy, thus are not economically viable. These methods also result in secondary pollutants. In addition, most of these procedures perform effectively, when the concentration of metal is high and that of interfering agents is low. The aforesaid remediation procedures also exert adverse effects on soil fertility and aquatic eco-balance. Drawbacks associated with the conventional Cr(VI) treatment procedures steered the research community to develop sustainable and economically compatible processes. In this regard, microbial remediation and phytoremediation approaches were explored as prospective alternatives to conventional cleanup technologies. This chapter of the book focuses on chromium contamination issues, its sources, chemical behavior, effects, a brief account of physical and chemical remediation techniques, and detailed chromium detoxification by biological methods. The chapter also offers a critical evaluation of bioremediation capacity of various microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, algae, and yeast) in special reference to the biosorption, biotransformation, bioaccumulation, and other mechanisms being utilized by the microbial community to remove hexavalent chromium. Another unit of the chapter presents the review of the current status of chromium phytoremediation, chromium uptake pathways, storage sites in plants, and phytoremediation mechanism.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departemnt of Chemistry, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India

    Kirandeep Kaur & Seema Sharma

  2. Department of Zoology, Govt. Degree College, Bijbehara, Jammu and Kashmir, 192124, India

    Junaid Ahmad Malik

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  1. Department of Zoology, Government Degree College, Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Junaid Ahmad Malik

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Kaur, K., Sharma, S., Malik, J.A. (2022). Chromium Pollution and Its Bioremediation: An Overview. In: Malik, J.A. (eds) Microbial and Biotechnological Interventions in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08830-8_15

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