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Complement Activation in Fish with Emphasis on MBL/MASP

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Principles of Fish Immunology

Abstract

The complement system in fish consists of a series of proteins interacting with both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. These distinct plasma proteins sequentially react with one another whereby they eventually directly kill the pathogens. The system is activated by binding of complement factors to surfaces of invading pathogens. During this process, complement factors and their cleavage products may opsonize invading microorganisms, induce a series of inflammatory responses and finally kill the pathogens. Activation of the complement system may take place through three pathways called the classical pathway (CP), the alternative pathway (AP) and the mannan-binding pathway (or lectin pathway) (LP). These activation routes depend on the different molecules acting in the initiation of the sequential reactions but they all converge to activate the same central effector molecule, C3. This is achieved by formation of a C3 convertase. Activation of C3 leads to the formation of two fragments C3a (an important factor, together with C5a, for inducing inflammation via its effect as an anaphylatoxin) and C3b which facilitates phagocytosis via its function as an opsonin. Activation of C3 also leads to the formation of a C5-convertase, leading to the assembly of the terminal C5b-C9 complex, otherwise termed the membrane attack complex (MAC). The MAC creates pores in the membrane of the invading pathogen, eventually leading to their cell-lysis and death.

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Abbreviations

AP:

Alternative pathway

AS:

Activating surface

B:

Factor B

CP:

Classical pathway

C1:

Complement factor 1

C1q:

Complement factor 1q

C1r:

Complement factor 1r

C1s:

Complement factor 1s

C2:

Complement factor 2

C3:

Complement factor 3

C4:

Complement factor 4

C5:

complement factor 5

C6:

Complement factor 6

C7:

Complement factor 7

C8:

Complement factor 8

C9:

Complement factor 9

CCP:

Complement control protein

CRD:

Carbohydrate recognition domains

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CUB:

Uegf/bone (complement-urchin-bone) morphogenetic protein

D:

Factor D

GalBL:

Galactose-binding lectin

GalNac:

N-Acetylgalactosamine

GBL:

Glucose-binding lectin

I:

Factor I

IgM:

Immunoglobulin M

LP:

Lectin pathway

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MAC:

Membrane attack complex

MASP1:

MBL-associated serine protease 1

MBL:

Mannan (mannose)-binding lectin

MBLh1:

MBL homologue 1

MASP2:

MBL-associated serine protease 2

P:

Properdin, Factor P

SAA:

Serum amyloid A protein

utr:

Untranslated region

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  1. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

    Per W. Kania & Kurt Buchmann

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  2. Kurt Buchmann
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Correspondence to Per W. Kania .

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  1. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

    Kurt Buchmann

  2. Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

    Christopher J. Secombes

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Kania, P.W., Buchmann, K. (2022). Complement Activation in Fish with Emphasis on MBL/MASP. In: Buchmann, K., Secombes, C.J. (eds) Principles of Fish Immunology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85420-1_9

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