Abstract
Nowadays, biotechnology of photosynthetic organisms sees an upward trend in usage of immobilized cells to accomplish diverse goals ranging from production of value-added molecules to destruction of unwanted contaminants. This trend exists for a good reason: from the standpoint of microalgae (MA) large-scale cultivation, immobilization provides several important advantages. Namely, the immobilized cell culture is generally more robust than suspended one, there is no need for a costly cell-harvesting procedure, and overall cultivation process becomes more manageable in case of immobilized cells. The applications of immobilization are based on the natural capacity of the microbes to adhere to the substrate and to each other. This chapter is dedicated to the biotechnological use of immobilized microalgal cells; its benefits and caveats are discussed. Special attention is paid to biological basis of the cell immobilization and the biology of immobilized cells.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abe K, Takahashi E, Hirano M (2008) Development of laboratory-scale photobioreactor for water purification by use of a biofilter composed of the aerial microalga Trentepohlia aurea (Chlorophyta). J Appl Phycol 20(3):283–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9245-9
Aguilar-May B, del Pilar S-SM, Lizardi J, Voltolina D (2007) Growth of Synechococcus sp. immobilized in chitosan with different times of contact with NaOH. J Appl Phycol 19(2):181–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-006-9132-9
Akhtar N, Iqbal M, Zafar SI, Iqbal J (2008) Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr (III). J Environ Sci 20(2):231–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(08)60036-4
Aksu Z, Açıkel Ü, Kabasakal E, Tezer S (2002) Equilibrium modelling of individual and simultaneous biosorption of chromium (VI) and nickel (II) onto dried activated sludge. Water Res 36(12):3063–3073. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00530-9
Alam MA, Wan C, Guo S-L, Zhao X-Q, Huang Z-Y, Yang Y-L, Bai F-W (2014) Characterization of the flocculating agent from the spontaneously flocculating microalga Chlorella vulgaris JSC-7. J Biosci Bioeng 118(1):29–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.12.021
Alhakawati MS, Banks CJ (2004) Removal of copper from aqueous solution by Ascophyllum nodosum immobilised in hydrophilic polyurethane foam. J Environ Manag 72(4):195–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.04.010
Azad HS, Borchardt JA (1970) Variations in phosphorus uptake by algae. Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1021/es60044a008
Bailliez C, Largeau C, Casadevall E (1985) Growth and hydrocarbon production of Botryococcus braunii immobilized in calcium alginate gel. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 23(2):99–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01982724
Bailliez C, Largeau C, Berkaloff C, Casadevall E (1986) Immobilization of Botryococcus braunii in alginate: influence on chlorophyll content, photosynthetic activity and degeneration during batch cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 23(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00257033
Banerjee M, Mishra S, Chatterjee J (2004) Scavenging of nickel and chromium toxicity in Aulosira fertilissima by immobilization: effect on nitrogen assimilating enzymes. Electron J Biotechnol 7(3):13–14. https://doi.org/10.2225/vol7-issue3-fulltext-9
Bayramoğlu G, Tuzun I, Celik G, Yilmaz M, Arica MY (2006) Biosorption of mercury (II), cadmium (II) and lead (II) ions from aqueous system by microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii immobilized in alginate beads. Int J Miner Process 81(1):35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2006.06.002
Bernal OI, Mooney CB, Flickinger MC (2014) Specific photosynthetic rate enhancement by cyanobacteria coated onto paper enables engineering of highly reactive cellular biocomposite “leaves”. Biotechnol Bioeng 111(10):1993–2008. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.25280
Blanco A, Sanz B, Llama MJ, Serra JL (1999) Biosorption of heavy metals to immobilised Phormidium laminosum biomass. J Biotechnol 69(2–3):227–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(99)00046-2
Branda SS, Vikshild S, Friedman L, Kolter R (2005) Biofilms: the matrix revisited. Trends Microbiol 13(1):20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.006
Brouers M, Hall DO (1986) Ammonia and hydrogen production by immobilized cyanobacteria. Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1656(86)90012-X
Burdin KS, Bird KT (1994) Heavy metal accumulation by carrageenan and agar producing algae. Bot Mar 37(5):467–470. https://doi.org/10.1515/botm.1994.37.5.467
Cao J, Yuan W, Pei ZJ, Davis T, Cui Y, Beltran M (2009) A preliminary study of the effect of surface texture on algae cell attachment for a mechanical-biological energy manufacturing system. Manuf Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4000562
Carrilho EN, Nóbrega JA, Gilbert TR (2003) The use of silica-immobilized brown alga (Pilayella littoralis) for metal preconcentration and determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Talanta 60(6):1131–1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(03)00217-0
Cassidy MB, Lee H, Trevors JT (1996) Environmental applications of immobilized microbial cells: a review. J Ind Microbiol 16(2):79–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01570068
Characklis et al (1990) Biofilms: basis for an interdisciplinary approach. In: Characklis WG, Marshall KC (eds) Biofilms. Wiley, New York. https://doi.org/10.1081/E-EBBE-120007264
Chen YC (2001) Immobilized microalga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Chlorophyta, Chlorococcales) for long-term storage and for application for water quality control in fish culture. Aquaculture. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00540-8
Chen CY, Yeh KL, Aisyah R, Lee DJ, Chang JS (2011) Cultivation, photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: a critical review. Bioresour Technol 102(1):71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.159
Chevalier P, de la Noue J (1985) Wastewater nutrient removal with microalgae immobilized in carrageenan. Enz Microb Technol 7(12):621–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(85)90032-8
Christenson LB, Sims RC (2012) Rotating algal biofilm reactor and spool harvester for wastewater treatment with biofuels by-products. Biotechnol Bioeng. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.24451
Codd GA (1987) Immobilized micro-algae and cyanobacteria. Br Phycol Soc Newslett 24:1–5
Cohen Y (2001) Biofiltration–the treatment of fluids by microorganisms immobilized into the filter bedding material: a review. Bioresour Technol 77(3):257–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(00)00074-2
Coserton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, Korber DR, Lappin-Scott HM (1995) Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol 49:711–745
Crandall BC (1996) Nanotechnology: molecular speculations on global abundance. Mit Press
Cui Y, Yuan WQ, Cao J (2014) Effect of surface texturing on microalgal cell attachment to solid carriers. Int J Agric Biol Eng. https://doi.org/10.3965/j.ijabe.20140702.010
Da Costa ACA, De França FP (1996) Cadmium uptake by biosorbent seaweeds: adsorption isotherms and some process conditions. Sep Sci Technol 31(17):2373–2393. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496399608001054
de la Noue J, de Pauw N (1988) The potential of microalgal biotechnology: a review of production and uses of microalgae. Biotechnol Adv. https://doi.org/10.1016/0734-9750(88)91921-0
De-Bashan LE, Bashan Y (2010) Immobilized microalgae for removing pollutants: review of practical aspects. Bioresour Technol 101(6):1611–1627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.043
De-Bashan LE, Moreno M, Hernandez JP, Bashan Y (2002) Removal of ammonium and phosphorus ions from synthetic wastewater by the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris coimmobilized in alginate beads with the microalgae growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. Water Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00522-X
De-Bashan LE, Hernandez JP, Morey T, Bashan Y (2004) Microalgae growth-promoting bacteria as “helpers” for microalgae: a novel approach for removing ammonium and phosphorus from municipal wastewater. Water Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.09.022
De-Bashan LE, Antoun H, Bashan Y (2005) Cultivation factors and population size control the uptake of nitrogen by the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris when interacting with the microalgae growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.014
Doucha J, Lívanský K (2014) High density outdoor microalgal culture. Algal Biorefineries. Cultiv Cells Prod 1:147–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7494-0_6
Dufrêne YF (2015) Sticky microbes: forces in microbial cell adhesion. Trends Microbiol 23(6):376–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2015.01.011
Dziwulska U, Bajguz A, Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz B (2004) The use of algae Chlorella vulgaris immobilized on Cellex-T support for separation/Preconcentration of trace amounts of platinum and palladium before GFAAS determination. Anal Lett 37(10):2189–2203. https://doi.org/10.1081/AL-200026696
Eroglu E, Smith SM, Raston CL (2015) Application of various immobilization techniques for algal bioprocesses. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16640-7_2
Flemming HC, Wingender J, Szewzyk U, Steinberg P, Rice SA, Kjelleberg S (2016) Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life. Nat Rev Microbiol 14(9):563–575. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.94
Garbayo I, Vigara AJ, Conchon V, Dos Santos V, Vílchez C (2000) Nitrate consumption alterations induced by alginate-entrapment of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. Process Biochem. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(00)00241-7
Genin SN, Aitchison S, Allen G (2014) Design of algal film photobioreactors: material surface energy effects on algal film productivity, colonization and lipid content. Bioresour Technol 155:136–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.060
Gerasimenko L, Zavarzin G (1993) Relict cyanobacterial communities. In: Rozanov A (ed) Problems of pre-anthropogenic evolution of the biosphere. Nauka, Moscow, pp 222–253
Gonzalez LE, Bashan Y (2000) Increased growth of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris when coimmobilized and cocultured in alginate beads with the plant-growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. Appl Environ Microbiol 66(4):1527–1531. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.4.1527-1531.2000
Gross M, Jarboe D, Wen Z (2015) Biofilm-based algal cultivation systems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99(14):5781–5789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-6736-5
Gudin C, Thepenier C (1986) Bioconversion of solar energy into organic chemicals by microalgae. Adv Biotechnol Process 6:73–110
Hameed MSA, Ebrahim OH (2007) Biotechnological potential uses of immobilized algae. J Agric Biol 9(1):183–192. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020238520948
Hoagland KD, Rosowski JR, Gretz MR, Roemer SC (1993) Diatom extracellular polymeric substances: function, fine structures, chemistry and physiology. J Phycol 29:537–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1993.00537.x
Inanç E, Miller JE, DiBiasio D (1996) Effect of oxygen supply on metabolism of immobilized and suspended Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 51(6):697–702. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19960920)51:6<697::AID-BIT8>3.0.CO;2-C
Irving TE, Allen DG (2011) Species and material considerations in the formation and development of microalgal biofilms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 92(2):283–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3341-0
Jämsä M, Kosourov S, Rissanen V, Hakalahti M, Pere J, Ketoja JA, Allahverdiyeva Y (2018) Versatile templates from cellulose nanofibrils for photosynthetic microbial biofuel production. J Mater Chem A 6(14):5825–5835. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta11164a
Jang LK, Nguyen D, Geesey GG (1999) Selectivity of alginate gel for Cu over Zn when acidic conditions prevail. Water Res 33(12):2817–2825. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00076-7
Jeanfils J, Collard F (1983) Effect of immobilizing Scenedesmus obliquus cells in a matrix on oxygen evolution and fluorescence properties. Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 17(4):254–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00510426
Jirků V (1999) Whole cell immobilization as a means of enhancing ethanol tolerance. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 22:147–151. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900620
Joo D-S, Cho M-G, Lee JS, Park JH, Kwak JK, Han YH, Bucholz R (2001) New strategy for the cultivation of microalgae using microencapsulation. J Microencapsul 18(5):567–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652040010018065
Junter G-A, Coquet L, Vilain S, Jouenne T (2002) Immobilized-cell physiology: current data and the potentialities of proteomics. Enzym Microb Technol 31(3):201–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(02)00073-X
Kannaiyan S, Rao KK, Hall DO (1994) Immobilization of Anabaena azollae from Azolla filiculoides in polyvinyl foam for ammonia production in a photobioreactor system. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 10(1):55–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00357564
Kaya VM, Picard G (1996) Stability of chitosan gel as entrapment matrix of viable Scenedesmus bicellularis cells immobilized on screens for tertiary treatment of wastewater. Bioresour Technol 56(2–3):147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(96)00013-2
Kayano H, Karube I, Matsunaga T, Suzuki S, Nakayama O (1981) A photochemical fuel cell system using Anabaena N-7363. Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 12(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00508110
Kesaano M, Sims RC (2014) Algal biofilm based technology for wastewater treatment. Alg Res 5:231–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2014.02.003
Klemm D, Kramer F, Moritz S, Lindström T, Ankerfors M, Gray D, Dorris A (2011) Nanocelluloses: a new family of nature-based materials. Angew Chemie Int Ed 50(24):5438–5466
Kosourov SN, Seibert M (2009) Hydrogen photoproduction by nutrient-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells immobilized within thin alginate films under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 102(1):50–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.22050
Kreis CT, Le Blay M, Linne C, Makowski MM, Bäumchen O (2018) Adhesion of Chlamydomonas microalgae to surfaces is switchable by light. Nat Phys 14(1):45. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys4258
Kuchma SL, O’Toole GA (2000) Surface-induced and biofilm-induced changes in gene expression. Curr Opin Biotechnol 11(5):429–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-1669(00)00123-3
Kuu WY, Polack JA (1983) Improving immobilized biocatalysts by gel phase polymerization. Biotechnol Bioeng 25(8):1995–2006. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250810
Lau PS, Tam NFY, Wong YS (1998) Effect of carrageenan immobilization on the physiological activities of Chlorella vulgaris. Bioresour Technol 63(2):115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00111-9
Laurinavichene TV, Kosourov SN, Ghirardi ML, Seibert M, Tsygankov AA (2008) Prolongation of H2 photoproduction by immunobilized, sulfur-limited Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures. J Biotech 134:275–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.01.006
Lebeau T, Robert JM (2006) Biotechnology of immobilized micro algae: a culture technique for the future? Algal Cultures Analogues Blooms Appl 2:801–837. Retrieved from http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20063096498.html
Lebeau T, Moan R, Turpin V, Robert J-M (1998) Alginate-entrapped Haslea ostrearia as inoculum for the greening of oysters. Biotechnol Tech 12:847–850. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008885222634
Lee J, Cho DH, Ramanan R, Kim BH, Oh HM, Kim HS (2013) Microalgae-associated bacteria play a key role in the flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris. Bioresour Technol 131:195–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.130
Leenen EJTM, Dos Santos VAP, Grolle KCF, Tramper J, Wijffels R (1996) Characteristics of and selection criteria for support materials for cell immobilization in wastewater treatment. Water Res 30(12):2985–2996. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00209-6
Leino H, Kosourov SN, Saari L, Sivonen K, Tsygankov AA, Aro EM, Allahverdiyeva Y (2012) Extended H2 photoproduction by N2-fixing cyanobacteria immobilized in thin alginate films. Int J Hydrog Energy 37(1):151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.09.088
Lewis K (2005) Persister cells and the riddle of biofilm survival. Biochem Mosc. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10541-005-0111-6
Lim BL, Yeung P, Cheng C, Hill JE (2007) Distribution and diversity of phytate-mineralizing bacteria. ISME J. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2007.40
Liu T, Wang J, Hu Q, Cheng P, Ji B, Liu J et al (2013) Attached cultivation technology of microalgae for efficient biomass feedstock production. Bioresour Technol 127:216–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.100
López A, Lázaro N, Marqués AM (1997) The interphase technique: a simple method of cell immobilization in gel-beads. J Microbiol Methods 30(3):231–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7012(97)00071-7
Lukavský J (1988) Long-term preservation of algal strains by immobilization. Arch Protistenkd 135(1–4):65–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9365(88)80054-X
Malik A (2004) Metal bioremediation through growing cells. Environ Int 30(2):261–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2003.08.001
Mallick N (2002) Biotechnological potential of immobilized algae for wastewater N, P metal removal. Rev BioMet. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020238520948
Mallick N (2006) Immobilization of microalgae. Immobil Enzym cells. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-053-9_33
Mallick N, Rai LC (1994) Removal of inorganic ions from wastewaters by immobilized microalgae. J Microbiol Biotechnol 10(4):439–443. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00144469
Matsunaga T, Sudo H, Takemasa H, Wachi Y, Nakamura N (1996) Sulfated extracellular polysaccharide production by the halophilic cyanobacterium Aphanocapsa halophytia immobilized on light-diffusing optical fibers. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 45(1–2):24–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530050643
McGarry MG (1970) Algal flocculation with aluminum sulfate and polyelectrolytes. J Water Poll Control Fed:191–201
Melis A, Zhang L, Forestier M, Ghirardi ML, Seibert M (2000) Sustained photobiological hydrogen gas production upon reversible inactivation of oxygen evolution in the green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol 122(1):127–136. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.122.1.127
Moreno-Garrido I (2008) Microalgae immobilization: current techniques and uses. Bioresour Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.040
Moreno-Garrido I, Campana O, Lubián LM, Blasco J (2005) Calcium alginate immobilized marine microalgae: experiments on growth and short-term heavy metal accumulation. Mar Pollut Bull 51(8–12):823–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2005.06.008
Mouget JL, Dakhama A, Lavoie MC, de la Noue J (1995) Algal growth enhancement by bacteria: is consumption of photosynthetic oxygen involved? FEMS Microbiol Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-6496(95)00038-C
Mulbry W, Westhead EK, Pizarro C, Sikora L (2005) Recycling of manure nutrients: use of algal biomass from dairy manure treatment as a slow release fertilizer. Bioresour Technol 96(4):451–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.05.026
Muradov N, Taha M, Miranda AF, Wrede D, Kadali K, Gujar A, Stevenson T, Ball AS, Mouradov A (2015) Fungal-assisted algal flocculation: application in wastewater treatment and biofuel production. Biotechnol Biofuels 8(1):24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-015-0210-6
Nakajima A, Horikoshi T, Sakaguchi T (1982) Recovery of uranium by immobilized microorganisms. Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 16(2–3):88–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00500732
Nascimento CWA, Xing B (2006) Phytoextraction: a review on enhanced metal availability and plant accumulation. Sci Agric 63(3):299–311. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162006000300014
O’Toole G, Kaplan HB, Kolter R (2000) Biofilm formation as microbial development. Annu Rev Microbiol 54(1):49–79. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.49
Ogbonna JC, Yoshizawa H, Tanaka H (2000) Treatment of high strength organic wastewater by a mixed culture of photosynthetic microorganisms. J Appl Phycol 12(3–5):277–284. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008188311681
Orvain F, Galois R, Barnard C, Sylvestre A, Blanchard G, Sauriau PG (2003) Carbohydrate production in relation to Microphytobenthic biofilm development: an integrated approach in a tidal Mesocosm. Microb Ecol 45(3):237–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-002-2027-7
Pane L, Feletti M, Bertino C, Carli A (1998) Viability of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica grown free and immobilized in alginate beads. Aquacult Inter 6(6):411–420. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009279300596
Pizarro C, Mulbry W, Blersch D, Kangas P (2006) An economic assessment of algal turf scrubber technology for treatment of dairy manure effluent. Ecol Eng 26:321–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.12.009
Rao KK, Hall DO (1984) Photosynthetic production of fuels and chemicals in immobilized systems. Trends Biotechnol 2(5):124–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(84)90021-0
Robinson PK, Goulding KH, Mak AL, Trevan MD (1986) Factors affecting the growth characteristics of alginate-entrapped Chlorella. Enzym Microb Technol 8(12):729–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(86)90160-2
Romanova Y, Gintsburg A (2011) Bacterial biofilms as a natural form of existence of bacteria in the environment and host organism. Zh. Mikrobiol., Epidemiol. Immunobiology 3:99–109
Saeed A, Iqbal M (2006) Immobilization of blue green microalgae on loofa sponge to biosorb cadmium in repeated shake flask batch and continuous flow fixed bed column reactor system. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 22(8):775–782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-005-9103-3
Salim S, Bosma R, Vermuë MH, Wijffels RH (2011) Harvesting of microalgae by bio-flocculation. J Appl Phycol 23(5):849–855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-010-9591-x
Santos-Rosa F, Galvin F, Vega J (1989) Photoproduction of ammonium by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells immobilized in barium alginate: a reactor feasibility study. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 32(3):285–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00184975
Sawayama S, Rao KK, Hall DO (1998) Nitrate and phosphate ion removal from water by Phormidium laminosum immobilized on hollow fibres in a photobioreactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 49(4):463–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530051199
Schenk PM, Thomas-Hall SR, Stephens E, Marx UC, Mussgnug JH, Posten I, Hankamer B (2008) Second generation biofuels: high-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production. Bioenergy Res 1:20–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-008-9008-8
Schultze LKP, Simon MVLI, Langenbach D, Podola B, Melkonian M (2015) High light and carbon dioxide optimize surface productivity in a twin-layer biofilm photobioreactor. Algal Res 8:37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2015.01.007
Sekar R, Venugopalan VP, Satpathy KK, Nair KVK, Rao VNR (2004) Laboratory studies on adhesion of microalgae to hard substrates. Hydrobiologia 512:109–116. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000020315.40349.38
Shi J, Podola B, Melkonian M (2007) Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater using microalgae immobilized on twin layers: an experimental study. J Appl Phycol 19(5):417–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-006-9148-1
Singh Y (2003) Photosynthetic activity, and lipid and hydrocarbon production by alginate- immobilized cells of Botryococcus in relation to growth phase. J Microbiol Biotechnol 13(5):687–691
Sinitsin AP, Raynina EI, Lozinsky VI, Spasov SD (1994) Immobilized cells of microorganisms. Moscow State Univ, Moscow
Solovchenko AE, Lukyanov AA, Vasilieva SG, Savanina YV, Solovchenko OV, Lobakova ES (2013) Possibilities of bioconversion of agricultural waste with the use of microalgae. Moscow Univ Biol Sci Bull 68(4):206–215. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0096392514010118
Solovchenko A, Verschoor AM, Jablonowski ND, Nedbal L (2016) Phosphorus from wastewater to crops: an alternative path involving microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 34(5):550–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.01.002
Song W, Rashid N, Choi W, Lee K (2011) Biohydrogen production by immobilized Chlorella sp. using cycles of oxygenic photosynthesis and anaerobiosis. Bioresour Technol 102(18):8676–8681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.082
Thakur A, Kumar HD (1999) Use of natural polymers as immobilizing agents and effects on the growth of Dunaliella salina and its glycerol production. Eng Life Sci 19(1):37–44
Thepenier C, Gudin C, Thomas D (1985) Immobilization of Porphyridium cruentum in polyurethane foams for the production of polysaccharide. Biomass 7(3):225–240
Tosteson TR, Corpe WA (1975) Enhancement of adhesion of the marine Chlorella vulgaris to glass. Can J Microbiol 21(7):1025–1031. https://doi.org/10.1139/m75-152
Touloupakis E, Rontogiannis G, Benavides AMS, Cicchi B, Ghanotakis DF, Torzillo G (2016) Hydrogen production by immobilized Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Int J Hydrog Energy 41(34):15181–15186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.07.075
Travieso L, Benitez F, Dupeiron R (1992) Sewage treatment using immobilied microalgae. Bioresour Technol 40(2):183–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(92)90207-E
Travieso L, Benitez F, Weiland P, Sánchez E, Dupeyrón R, Dominguez AR (1996) Experiments on immobilization of microalgae for nutrient removal in wastewater treatments. Bioresour Technol 55(3):181–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(95)00196-4
Trench RK (1993) Microalgal-invertebrate symbioses-a review. Endocyt Cell Res 9(2–3):135–175
Trevan MD, Mak AL (1988) Immobilized algae and their potential for use as biocatalysts. Trends Biotechnol 6(3):68–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(88)90094-7
Tsygankov AA, Hirata Y, Miyake M, Asada Y, Miyake J (1994) Photobioreactor with photosynthetic bacteria immobilized on porous glass for hydrogen photoproduction. J Ferment Bioeng 77(5):575–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/0922-338X(94)90134-1
Urrutia I, Serra JL, Llama MJ (1995) Nitrate removal from water by Scenedesmus obliquus immobilized in polymeric foams. Enzym Microb Technol 17(3):200–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(94)00008-F
Vadillo-Rodríguez V, Busscher HJ, Norde W, De Vries J, Dijkstra RJB, Stokroos I, Van Der Mei HC (2004) Comparison of atomic force microscopy interaction forces between bacteria and silicon nitride substrata for three commonly used immobilization methods. Appl Environ Microbiol 70(9):5441–5446. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.9.5441-5446.2004
Vandamme D, Foubert I, Fraeye I, Meesschaert B, Muylaert K (2012) Flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris induced by high pH: role of magnesium and calcium and practical implications. Bioresour Technol 105:114–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.105
Vasilieva S, Shibzukhova K, Morozov A, Solovchenko A, Bessonov I, Kopitsyna M, Lukianov A, Chekanov K, Lobakova E (2018) Immobilization of microalgae on the surface of new cross-linked polyethylenimine-based sorbents. J Biotechnol 281:31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.03.011
Wahid MH, Eroglu E, Chen X, Smith SM, Raston CL (2013) Entrapment of Chlorella vulgaris cells within graphene oxide layers. RSC Adv 3(22):8180–8183. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA40605A
Wang J, Liu J, Liu T (2015) The difference in effective light penetration may explain the superiority in photosynthetic efficiency of attached cultivation over the conventional open pond for microalgae John Sheehan. Biotechnol Biofuels 8(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-015-0240-0
Watanabe M, Kohata K, Kunugi M (1988) Phosphate accumulation and metabolism by Heterosigma Akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) during diel vertical migration a stratified microcosm. J Phycol 24:22–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1988.tb04452.x
Wei Q, Hu Z, Li G, Xiao B, Sun H, Tao M (2008) Removing nitrogen and phosphorus from simulated wastewater using algal biofilm technique. Front Environ Sci Eng China. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-008-0064-2
Wikström P, Szwajcer E, Brodelius P, Nilsson K, Mosbach K (1982) Formation of α-keto acids from amino acids using immobilized bacteria and algae. Biotechnol Lett 4(3):153–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00144316
Willaert RG (2017) Cell immobilization and its applications in biotechnology: current trends and future prospects, in fermentation microbiology and biotechnology (Eds.) E. M. T. El-Mansi, Jens Nielsen, David Mousdale, Ross P. Carlson, Taylor and Francis, pp. 313–368
Wingender J, Neu TR, Flemming H-C (1999) What are bacterial extracellular polymeric substances? In: Wingender J, Neu TR, Flemming HC (eds) Microbial extracellular polymeric substances. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60147-7_1
Woods DC, Fletcher RL (1991) Studies on the strength of adhesion of some common marine fouling diatoms. Biofouling 3(4):287–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927019109378183
Wu Z, Zhu Y, Huang W, Zhang C, Li T, Zhang Y, Li A (2012) Evaluation of flocculation induced by pH increase for harvesting microalgae and reuse of flocculated medium. Bioresour Technol 110:496–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.101
Yahi H, Elmaleh S, Coma J (1994) Algal flocculation-sedimentation by pH increase in a continuous reactor. Water Sci Tech 30(8):259–267. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0421
Zaidi BR, Tosteson TR (1972) The differential adhesion of Chlorella cells during the life cycle. Proc Int Seaweed Symp 7:323–328
Zavarzin G (2003) Evolution of the system of geosphere and biosphere. Priroda 1:27–35
Zhang E, Wang B, Wang Q, Zhang S, Zhao B (2008) Ammonia-nitrogen and orthophosphate removal by immobilized Scenedesmus sp. isolated from municipal wastewater for potential use in tertiary treatment. Bioresour Technol 99(24):3787–3793. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.4281
Zhang W, Seminara A, Suaris M, Brenner MP, Weitz DA, Angelini TE (2014) Nutrient depletion in Bacillus subtilis biofilms triggers matrix production. New J Phys. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/16/1/015028
Zhang Q, Liu C, Li Y, Yu Z, Chen Z, Ye T, Wang X, Hu Z, Liu S, Xiao B, Jin S (2017) Cultivation of algal biofilm using different lignocellulosic materials as carriers. Biotechnol Biofuels 10(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0799-8
Zheng CH, Liang WQ, Li F, Zhang YP, Fang WJ (2005) Optimization and characterization of chitosan-coated alginate microcapsules containing albumin. Inter J Pharm Sci 60(6):434–438
Zheng H, Gao Z, Yin J, Tang X, Ji X, Huang H (2012) Harvesting of microalgae by flocculation with poly (γ-glutamic acid). Bioresour Technol 112:212–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.086
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (contract №. 18-29-25050).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vasilieva, S., Lobakova, E., Solovchenko, A. (2021). Biotechnological Applications of Immobilized Microalgae. In: Gothandam, K.M., Ranjan, S., Dasgupta, N., Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Environmental Biotechnology Vol. 3. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 50. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48973-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48973-1_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-48972-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-48973-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)