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Luminescent Microbial Bioassays and Microalgal Biosensors as Tools for Environmental Toxicity Evaluation

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Cell Biosensors

Abstract

This chapter deals with toxicity bioassays and biosensors based on luminescent microorganisms that report on global toxicity of a sample in such a way that luminescence is reduced or inhibited in the presence of toxic compounds that impair metabolism. Both natural and recombinant microorganisms are considered. A detailed description of their main characteristics and environmental applications is reported. Bioassays for detecting oxidative stress (both bioluminescent and fluorescent bioreporters) are also mentioned and discussed. Oxidative stress is caused by an unbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the defenses against them and is one of the main mechanisms of toxicity for most pollutants. There is also a section dedicated to microalgal-based biosensors given their ecological relevance as primary producers, easiness of culture and immobilization in different matrices, ability to acclimate to low nutrient conditions, and ubiquity in aquatic environments. The most used toxicity endpoints for this type of biosensors are the alteration of photosynthetic activity (optical and amperometric biosensors) and the inhibition of enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase (APA) or sterases (mostly conductometric biosensors). The main information is shown in tables that include the microorganisms, their main characteristics (reporter gene systems, transducer types for biosensors), and their main environmental applications as well as relevant references. Although some of these bioassays have already been standardized by different international organizations, there are still many which are also promising tools for environmental global toxicity evaluation and should be fully validated and standardized for regulatory purposes.

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Abbreviations

APA:

Alkaline phosphatase activity

BTEX:

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene

CAB:

Chlorophyll a binding protein

CAHs:

Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons

CBNs:

Carbon nanotubes

CI:

Combination index

DCP:

Dichlorophenol

EC50:

Effective concentration of pollutant that causes a 50% effect with respect to a non-treated control

LAS:

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate surfactant

NMs:

Nanomaterials

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PAM:

Pulse-amplitude modulated

PCP:

Pentachlorophenol

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SAMs:

Self-cell assembled monolayers

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), grant CTM2016-74927-C2-2-R. JHG is working under FPI contract (MINECO-EU). MGP acknowledges a postdoctoral contract from Comunidad de Madrid (CM-EU).

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  1. Author contributed equally with all other contributors. Jara Hurtado-Gallego and Gerardo Pulido-Reyes

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  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Jara Hurtado-Gallego, Gerardo Pulido-Reyes, Miguel González-Pleiter & Francisca Fernández-Piñas

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  1. Jara Hurtado-Gallego
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  2. Gerardo Pulido-Reyes
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  3. Miguel González-Pleiter
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  4. Francisca Fernández-Piñas
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Correspondence to Francisca Fernández-Piñas .

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    Gérald Thouand

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Hurtado-Gallego, J., Pulido-Reyes, G., González-Pleiter, M., Fernández-Piñas, F. (2022). Luminescent Microbial Bioassays and Microalgal Biosensors as Tools for Environmental Toxicity Evaluation. In: Thouand, G. (eds) Handbook of Cell Biosensors. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23217-7_89

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