Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the Neolithic founder crops of Old World agriculture. It is a flowering plant belonging to the family Poaceae or Gramineae (herbs) that is cultivated in temperate climates across the world at 350–4050 m above sea level, and evolved from H. spontaneum (K. Koch) Thell. The economically most important species of the genus is barley, H. vulgare. Species of barley consist of diploid (2n = 2x = 14), tetraploid (2n = 4x = 24), and hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) cytotypes. Barley constitutes the fourth most important grain crop in the world after wheat, rice and maize. Barley grain is used as livestock feed and forage, malt beverages, human food, soil improvement and has medicinal value, but is barely considered as a highly-needed crop of the present era. Common barley hails originally from western Asia and North Africa. It is one of the earliest documented agricultural grains, dating back to the Neolithic period (8500 years ago) in the Nile Delta portion of the Fertile Crescent. Barley is a rich source of proteins, B vitamins, niacin, minerals and fiber dietary; also, it is a good source of manganese and phosphorus. Raw barley consists of carbohydrates (78%), proteins (10%), water (10%) and fat (1%). This chapter discusses the taxonomy, economic importance, origin and history, germplasm resources, traditional breeding methods and biotechnology methods, and their application for crop improvement in association with conventional breeding methods of barley.
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Appendices
1.1.1 Appendix I: Major Institutions Engaged in Barley Research
Institution | Specialization and research activities | Contact information and website |
|---|---|---|
International Barley Hub, James Hutton Institute | Barley research | Dundee, Scotland, UK, email: barleyhub@hutton.ac.uk, www.barleyhub.org |
ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research (IIWBR) | Increasing and stabilizing the barley production | Karnal-132001, Haryana, India, Email: director.iiwbr@icar.gov.in, http://www.iiwbr.org/ |
Brewing and Malting Barley Research Institute | Malting barley research | P.O. Box 39120 Lakewood PO, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7V 0A9, Canada, Email: gfeist@bmbri.ca., http://bmbri.ca/ |
Canadian Malting Barley Technical Centre | Providing technical support and market information to stakeholders of barley | 1365-303 Main Street Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3C 3G7, E-mail: cmbtc@cmbtc.com, http://cmbtc.com/ |
Institute of Barley and Malt Sciences | Promote the informational and educational activities/resources on barley and malt at North Dakota State University. | NDSU Dept. 7670, 166 Loftsgard Hall, N. Bolley Dr. Fargo, ND 58102. North Dakota State University, https://www.ag.ndsu.edu |
Alberta’s Field Crop Development Centre (FCDC) | The Field Crop Development Centre focuses on breeding barley for feed, malt and food | Toll-free in Alberta: 310-FARM (310-3276), Out of province 1-403-742-7901, Email: Ag Info Centre, https://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca |
Global Crop Diversity Trust | International organization dedicated solely to conserving and making available barley and other crops diversity. | Platz Der Vereinten Nationen 753113 Bonn, Germany, info@croptrust.org, https://www.croptrust.org |
1.1.2 Appendix II: Barley Genetic Resources
1.1.2.1 (A) Barley Genetic Resources Available in the Ex Situ Germplasm Collections of PGRC, NSGC and ICARDA
Species | Number of available accessions of barley | ||
|---|---|---|---|
PGRC | NSGC | ICARDA | |
H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum | 3875 | 1504 | 1696 |
H. vulgare ssp. agriochriton | – | 1 | 9 |
H. vulgare ssp. vulgare | 22,882 | 25,024 | 23,639 |
H. vulgare | 9684 | – | – |
H. vulgare var. distichon | – | – | – |
Hordeum mutant collection | – | – | – |
Other species | 5372 | 6647 | 6656 |
Total | 41,813 | 33,176 | 32,000 |
1.1.2.2 (B) Total Barley Germplasm Accessions Available at Ten Major Centers of the World
Rank | Country, city | Name/institution | Acronym | Code | Number of acces-sions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Canada, Saskatoon | Plant Gene Resources of Canada | PGRC | CAN004 | 41,813 |
2 | USA, Aberdeen | USDA National Small Grain Collection | NSGC | USA029 | 33,176 |
3 | Syria, Aleppo | International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas | ICARDA | SYR002 | 32,000 |
4 | Brazil, Brasilia | Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Genéticos e Biotec. | CENARGEN | BRA003 | 30,000 |
5 | Japan, Ibaraki | National Institute of Agrobiologicl Sciences | NIAS | JPN003 | 23,471 |
6 | Germany, Gatersleben | Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research | IPK | DEU146 | 22,106 |
7 | China, Beijing | Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources | CAAS | CHN001 | 18,818 |
8 | Republic Korea | Genetic Resources Division, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Rural Development Administration Suwon | RDAGB-GRD | KOR003 | 18,764 |
9 | Russia, St. Petersburg | N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry | VIR | RUS001 | 17,850 |
10 | Ethiopia, Addis Ababa | Biodiversity Conservation and Research Institute | BCRI | ETH001 | 16,388 |
11 | Others countries | 212,145 | |||
Total | 466,531 | ||||
1.1.2.3 (C) Total Barley Germplasm Accessions Available at Ten Major World Centers
Rank | Gene bank/Institutes | Wild % | Landraces % | Breeding materials % | Genetic stocks % | Cultivars % | Unknown status % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | PGRC | 15 | 35 | 12 | 15 | 13 | 10 |
2 | NSGC | 7 | 44 | 13 | 11 | 15 | 12 |
3 | ICARDA | 7 | 59 | 17 | 2 | 9 | 6 |
4 | CENARGEN | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
5 | NIAS | 4 | 75 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
6 | IPK | 6 | 56 | 10 | 2 | 23 | 2 |
7 | CAAS | 14 | 82 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
8 | RDAGB-GRD | 1 | 24 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 66 |
9 | VIR | 1 | 29 | 10 | 3 | 54 | 3 |
10 | BCRI | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1.1.2.4 (D) List of Mutant Barley Varieties in World During 2000/2010 Period
No. | Variety name | Mutant type | Local registration year | Country | Character improvement details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Phenix | Crossing with 1 mutant variety | 2000 | Ukraine | Drought tolerance |
2 | Gama | Direct use of an induced mutant | 2000 | Ukraine | High yield |
3 | Dobrynia-3 | Direct use of an induced mutant | 2001 | Russia | Low temperature tolerance |
4 | Hutorok | Direct use of an induced mutant | 2004 | Russia | Improved adaptability |
5 | Pavel | Direct use of an induced mutant | 2003 | Russia | Stiffness |
6 | Stimul | Direct use of an induced mutant | 2003 | Russia | Early maturity |
7 | Cruiser | Crossing with 1 mutant variety | 2001 | Germany | Erected type |
8 | Felicitas | Crossing with 1 mutant variety | 2005 | Germany | Erected type |
9 | Landora | Crossing with 1 mutant variety | 2000 | Germany | Erected type |
10 | Penelope | Crossing with 1 mutant variety | 2001 | Germany | Erected type |
11 | Penofuli | Crossing with 1mutant variety | 2001 | Germany | Erected type |
12 | Roxana | Crossing with 1mutant variety | 2000 | Germany | Erected type |
13 | Centenario | Direct use of an induced mutant with gamma rays (300 Gy) | 2006 | Peru | Altered maturity and improved seed production traits |
14 | Centenario | Direct use of an induced mutant with gamma rays (400 Gy) | 2006 | Peru | Improved seed production traits |
15 | Sayakaze | Crossing with 1 mutant | 2003 | Japan | Early maturity, good quality, short culm, superior lodging resistance and resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus |
16 | Furat 3 | Direct use of an induced mutant with gamma rays | 2000 | Syria | Resistance to lodging, resistance to drought and high yield |
17 | IZ Bori | Direct use of an induced mutant | 2009 | Bulgaria | Tolerance to low temperatures, very good resistance to powdery mildew, as well as to brown, black and stem rust, high grain yield (15–17%), high grain protein and lysine content |
18 | Scope | Direct use of an induced mutant | 2010 | Australia | Herbicide tolerance, high yield, early maturity |
19 | Janus | Direct use of an induced mutant | 2003 | Russia | Cold tolerance |
20 | Taran | Direct use of an induced mutant | 2003 | Russia | High tolerance of cold |
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El-Hashash, E.F., El-Absy, K.M. (2019). Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Breeding. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Cereals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23108-8_1
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