Abstract
Over the past decade, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have evolved into an important cell therapy demonstrating potential utility in a range of clinical applications, including bone and cartilage repair, cardiac repair, and immune disorders. MSCs can be isolated from a variety of tissue sources, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, dental pulp, and placenta. Groups have developed different manufacturing processes with a goal of improving the quality of clinical-grade cells and the overall efficiency of the manufacturing process. Variations in cell source and manufacturing process may have a significant impact on the efficacy of the final MSC product. Moreover, this variability in cell source and manufacturing processes has made it challenging to compare the resulting MSC products and associated results from clinical trials that have been conducted to date. The development of consistent, well-controlled manufacturing processes along with the implementation of thorough quality control testing, including rigorous potency assays, will insure high quality and may help to clarify the impact of cell source and manufacturing process on the resulting MSC product. In addition to providing an overview of the current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) methods for MSC production, this chapter summarizes key FDA regulatory requirements, including those related to cell source, raw materials, and quality control testing.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Friedenstein AJ, Petrakova KV, Kurolesova AI, Frolova GP (1968) Heterotopic of bone marrow. Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues. Transplantation 6(2):230–247
Dominici M, Le BK, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini F, Krause D et al (2006) Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 8(4):315–317
Erices A, Conget P, Minguell JJ (2000) Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood. Br J Haematol 109(1):235–242
Huang GTJ, Gronthos S, Shi S (2009) Mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental tissues vs. those from other sources: their biology and role in regenerative medicine. J Dent Res 88(9):792–806
Parolini O, Alviano F, Bagnara GP, Bilic G, Bühring H Jr, Evangelista M et al (2008) Concise review: isolation and characterization of cells from human term placenta: outcome of the first international workshop on placenta derived stem cells. Stem Cells 26(2):300–311
Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H, Huang J, Futrell JW, Katz AJ et al (2001) Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng 7(2):211–228
Lee K, Chan CK, Patil N, Goodman SB (2009) Cell therapy for bone regenerationGÇöBench to bedside. J Biomed Mater Res 89B(1):252–263
Phinney DG, Prockop DJ (2007) Concise review: mesenchymal stem/multipotent stromal cells: the state of transdifferentiation and modes of tissue repair – current views. Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio) 25(11):2896–2902
Chamberlain G, Fox J, Ashton B, Middleton J (2007) Concise review: mesenchymal stem cells: their phenotype, differentiation capacity, immunological features, and potential for homing. Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio) 25(11):2739–2749
Caplan AI (2007) Adult mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering versus regenerative medicine. J Cell Physiol 213(2):341–347
Uccelli A, Pistoia V, Moretta L (2007) Mesenchymal stem cells: a new strategy for immunosuppression? Trends Immunol 28(5):219–226
Prockop DJ (2007) “Stemness” does not explain the repair of many tissues by mesenchymal stem/multipotent stromal cells (MSCs). Clin Pharmacol Ther 82(3):241–243
Deans RJ, Moseley AB (2000) Mesenchymal stem cells: biology and potential clinical uses. Exp Hematol 28(8):875–884
Dazzi F, Horwood NJ (2007) Potential of mesenchymal stem cell therapy. Curr Opin Oncol 19(6):650–655
Brooke G, Cook M, Blair C, Han R, Heazlewood C, Jones B et al (2007) Therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stromal cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 18(6):846–858
Lanzoni G, Roda G, Belluzzi A, Roda E, Bagnara GP (2008) Inflammatory bowel disease: moving toward a stem cell-based therapy. World J Gastroenterol 14(29):4616–4626
Le Blanc K, Frassoni F, Ball L, Locatelli F, Roelofs H, Lewis I et al (2008) Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of steroid-resistant, severe, acute graft-versus-host disease: a phase II study. Lancet 371(9624):1579–1586
FDA (2005) Human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products. Report No: 21
FDA (2007) Guidance for industry – regulation of human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products HCT/Ps – small entity compliance guide U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research Rockville, MD
FDA (2008) Guidance for industry – CGMP for phase 1 investigational drugs U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research Rockville, MD
FDA (1998) Guidance for industry – guidance for human somatic cell therapy and gene therapy. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. Report No.: March 1998
ICH (2008) ICH harmonized tripartite guideline Q5D – derivation and characterization of cell substrates used for production of biotechnological/biological products
FDA (1998) International conference on harmonization; Guidance on viral safety evaluation of biotechnology products derived from cell lines of human or animal origin. Report No.: 63
FDA (2003) Guidance for industry – source animal, product, preclinical, and clinical issues concerning the use of xenotransplantation products in human U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research Rockville, MD
FDA (2007) Guidance for industry – eligibility determination for donors of human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products (HCT/Ps) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research Rockville, MD
FDA (2004) Guidance for industry – sterile drug products produced by aseptic processing – current good manufacturing practice U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research Rockville, MD
FACT-JACIE (2008) International standard for cellular therapy product collection, processing, and administration
AABB (2009) Standards for cellular therapy product services, 4th edn. AABB, Bethesda
International Society for Stem Cell Research (2008) Guidelines for the clinical translation of stem cells Dec 3, 2008 ISSCR, Skokle, IL. United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Rockville, MD
U.S.Pharmacopeia (2009) Cell and gene therapy products, USP 32 p 436–466. United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Rockville, MD
U.S.Pharmacopeia (2009) Ancillary materials for cell, gene, and tissue-engineered products, USP 32 p 420–426. United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Rockville, MD
Williams JT, Southerland SS, Souza J, Calcutt AF, Cartledge RG (1999) Cells isolated from adult human skeletal muscle capable of differentiating into multiple mesodermal phenotypes. Am Surg 65(1):22–26
De Bari C, Dell’Accio F, Tylzanowski P, Luyten FP (2001) Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from adult human synovial membrane. Arthritis Rheum 44(8):1928–1942
Gronthos S, Mankani M, Brahim J, Robey PG, Shi S (2000) Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(25):13625–13630
In’t Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C, de Groot-Swings GM, Claas FH, Fibbe WE et al (2004) Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells of fetal or maternal origin from human placenta. Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio) 22(7):1338–1345
In’t Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C, Noort WA, Claas FH, Willemze R et al (2003) Amniotic fluid as a novel source of mesenchymal stem cells for therapeutic transplantation. Blood 102(4):1548–1549
Bieback K, Kern S, Kluter H, Eichler H (2004) Critical parameters for the isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord blood. Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio) 22(4):625–634
Hoogduijn MJ, Crop MJ, Peeters AM, Van Osch GJ, Balk AH, Ijzermans JN et al (2007) Human heart, spleen, and perirenal fat-derived mesenchymal stem cells have immunomodulatory capacities. Stem Cells Dev 16(4):597–604
Puissant B, Barreau C, Bourin P, Clavel C, Corre J, Bousquet C et al (2005) Immunomodulatory effect of human adipose tissue-derived adult stem cells: comparison with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Br J Haematol 129(1):118–129
Gotherstrom C, Ringden O, Westgren M, Tammik C, Le Blanc K (2003) Immunomodulatory effects of human foetal liver-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Bone Marrow Transplant 32(3):265–272
Wagner W, Wein F, Seckinger A, Frankhauser M, Wirkner U, Krause U et al (2005) Comparative characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord blood. Exp Hematol 33(11):1402–1416
Bouwmeester W, Fechter MM, Heymans MW, Twisk JWR, Ebeling LJ, Brand A (2010) Prediction of nucleated cells in bone marrow stem cell products by donor characteristics: a retrospective single centre analysis. Vox Sang 98(3):e276–e283
Crisostomo PR, Markel TA, Wang MJ, Lahm T, Lillemoe KD, Meldrum DR (2007) In the adult mesenchymal stem cell population, source gender is a biologically relevant aspect of protective power. Surgery 142(2):215–221
Zhukareva V, Obrocka M, Houle JD, Fischer I, Neuhuber B (2010) Secretion profile of human bone marrow stromal cells: donor variability and response to inflammatory stimuli. Cytokine 50(3):317–321
Samuelsson H, Ringden O, Lonnies H, Le Blanc K (2009) Optimizing in vitro conditions for immunomodulation and expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy 11(2):129–136
Garcia-Olmo D, Garcia-Arranz M, Herreros D, Pascual I, Peiro C, Rodriguez-Montes JA (2005) A phase I clinical trial of the treatment of Crohn’s fistula by adipose mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Dis Colon Rectum 48(7):1416–1423
Fang B, Song Y, Lin Q, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Zhao RC et al (2007) Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells as salvage therapy for treatment of severe refractory acute graft-vs.-host disease in two children. Pediatr Transplant 11(7):814–817
Fang B, Li N, Song Y, Li J, Zhao RC, Ma Y (2009) Cotransplantation of haploidentical mesenchymal stem cells to enhance engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells and to reduce the risk of graft failure in two children with severe aplastic anemia. Pediatr Transplant 13(4):499–502
Fang B, Song Y, Li N, Li J, Han Q, Zhao RC (2009) Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of refractory pure red cell aplasia after major ABO-incompatible hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ann Hematol 88(3):261–266
Schaffler A, Buchler C (2007) Concise review: adipose tissue-derived stromal cells – basic and clinical implications for novel cell-based therapies. Stem Cells 25(4):818–827
Wagner JE, Gluckman E (2010) Umbilical cord blood transplantation: the first 20 years. Semin Hematol 47(1):3–12
Mareschi K, Biasin E, Piacibello W, Aglietta M, Madon E, Fagioli F (2001) Isolation of human mesenchymal stem cells: bone marrow versus umbilical cord blood. Haematologica 86(10):1099–1100
Wexler SA, Donaldson C, Denning-Kendall P, Rice C, Bradley B, Hows JM (2003) Adult bone marrow is a rich source of human mesenchymal ‘stem’ cells but umbilical cord and mobilized adult blood are not. Br J Haematol 121(2):368–374
Goodwin HS, Bicknese AR, Chien SN, Bogucki BD, Oliver DA, Quinn CO et al (2001) Multilineage differentiation activity by cells isolated from umbilical cord blood: expression of bone, fat, and neural markers. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 7(11):581–588
Bieback K, Kern S, Kluter H, Eichler H (2004) Critical parameters for the isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord blood. Stem Cells 22(4):625–634
Kern S, Eichler H, Stoeve J, Kluter H, Bieback K (2006) Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, or adipose tissue. Stem Cells 24(5):1294–1301
Berger MJ, Adams SD, Tigges BM, Sprague SL, Wang XJ, Collins DP et al (2006) Differentiation of umbilical cord blood-derived multilineage progenitor cells into respiratory epithelial cells. Cytotherapy 8(5):480–487
Kogler G, Sensken S, Airey JA, Trapp T, Muschen M, Feldhahn N et al (2004) A new human somatic stem cell from placental cord blood with intrinsic pluripotent differentiation potential. J Exp Med 200(2):123–135
Lee OK, Kuo TK, Chen WM, Lee KD, Hsieh SL, Chen TH (2004) Isolation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord blood. Blood 103(5):1669–1675
FDA (2006) Guidance for industry – implementation of acceptable full-length donor history questionnaire and accompanying materials for use in screeing donors of blood and blood components U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research Rockville, MD
Sensebe L, Bourin P (2008) Producing MSC according GMP: process and controls. Biomed Mater Eng 18(4–5):173–177
Sensebe L (2008) Clinical grade production of mesenchymal stem cells. Biomed Mater Eng 18:S3–S10
Sotiropoulou PA, Perez SA, Salagianni M, Baxevanis CN, Papamichail M (2006) Cell culture medium composition and translational adult bone marrow-derived stem cell research. Stem Cells 24(5):1409–1410
Sotiropoulou PA, Perez SA, Salagianni M, Baxevanis CN, Papamichail M (2006) Characterization of the optimal culture conditions for clinical scale production of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 24(2):462–471
Haack-Sorensen M, Friis T, Bindslev L, Mortensen S, Johnsen HE, Kastrup J (2008) Comparison of different culture conditions for human mesenchymal stromal cells for clinical stem cell therapy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 68(3):192–203
Pal R, Hanwate M, Totey SM (2008) Effect of holding time, temperature and different parenteral solutions on viability and functionality of adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells before transplantation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2(7):436–444
Meuleman N, Tondreau T, Delforge A, Dejeneffe M, Massy M, Libertalis M et al (2006) Human marrow mesenchymal stem cell culture: serum-free medium allows better expansion than classical alpha-MEM medium. Eur J Haematol 76(4):309–316
Lange C, Cakiroglu F, Spiess AN, Cappallo-Obermann H, Dierlamm J, Zander AR (2007) Accelerated and safe expansion of human mesenchymal stromal cells in animal serum-free medium for transplantation and regenerative medicine. J Cell Physiol 213(1):18–26
Haack-Sorensen M, Bindslev L, Mortensen S, Friis T, Kastrup J (2007) The influence of freezing and storage on the characteristics and functions of human mesenchymal stromal cells isolated for clinical use. Cytotherapy 9(4):328–337
Wagner W, Ho AD (2007) Mesenchymal stem cell preparations – comparing apples and oranges. Stem Cell Rev 3(4):239–248
Burunova VV, Suzdaltseva YG, Voronov AV, Cheglakov IB, Vakhrushev IV, Yarygin KN et al (2008) Development and introduction of production standards for cell products of mesenchymal origin. Bull Exp Biol Med 145(4):526–530
Veyrat-Masson R, Boiret-Dupre N, Rapatel C, Descamps S, Guillouard L, Guerin JJ et al (2007) Mesenchymal content of fresh bone marrow: a proposed quality control method for cell therapy. Br J Haematol 139(2):312–320
Grisendi G, Anneren C, Cafarelli L, Sternieri R, Veronesi E, Cervo GL et al (2010) GMP-manufactured density gradient media for optimized mesenchymal stromal/stem cell isolation and expansion. Cytotherapy 12(4):466–477
Crisostomo PR, Wang MJ, Wairiuko GM, Morrell ED, Terrell AM, Seshadri P et al (2006) High passage number of stem cells adversely affects stem cell activation and myocardial protection. Shock 26(6):575–580
Bonab MM, Alimoghaddam K, Talebian F, Ghaffari SH, Ghavamzadeh A, Nikbin B (2006) Aging of mesenchymal stem cell in vitro. BMC Cell Biol 10:7
Pochampally RR, Smith JR, Ylostalo J, Prockop DJ (2004) Serum deprivation of human marrow stromal cells (hMSCs) selects for a subpopulation of early progenitor cells with enhanced expression of OCT-4 and other embryonic genes. Blood 103(5):1647–1652
Heiskanen A, Satomaa T, Tiitinen S, Laitinen A, Mannelin S, Impola U et al (2007) N-glycolylneuraminic acid xenoantigen contamination of human embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells is substantially reversible. Stem Cells 25(1):197–202
Sundin M, Ringden O, Sundberg B, Nava S, Gotherstrom C, Le Blanc K (2007) No alloantibodies against mesenchymal stromal cells, but presence of anti-fetal calf serum antibodies, after transplantation in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients. Haematologica 92(9):1208–1215
WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (2010) Recommendations for the evaluation of animal cell cultures as substrates for the manufacture of biological medicinal products and for the characterization of cell banks. Report No.: WHO/BS/10.2132
Stute N, Holtz K, Bubenheim M, Lange C, Blake F, Zander AR (2004) Autologous serum for isolation and expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells for clinical use. Exp Hematol 32(12):1212–1225
Muller I, Kordowich S, Holzwarth C, Spano C, Isensee G, Staiber A et al (2006) Animal serum-free culture conditions for isolation and expansion of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from human BM. Cytotherapy 8(5):437–444
Le Blanc K, Samuelsson H, Lonnies L, Sundin M, Ringden O (2007) Generation of immunosuppressive mesenchymal stem cells in allogeneic human serum. Transplantation 84(8):1055–1059
von Bonin M, Stolzel F, Goedecke A, Richter K, Wuschek N, Holig K et al (2009) Treatment of refractory acute GVHD with third-party MSC expanded in platelet lysate-containing medium. Bone Marrow Transplant 43(3):245–251
Horn P, Bokermann G, Cholewa D, Bork S, Walenda T, Koch C et al (2010) Impact of individual platelet lysates on isolation and growth of human mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy 12(7):888–898
Meuleman N, Tondreau T, Bron D, Lagneaux L (2007) Human marrow mesenchymal stem cell culture: serum-free medium allows better expansion than classical alpha-minimal essential medium (MEM). Eur J Haematol 78(2):168
Chase L, Lakshmipathy U, Solchaga L, Rao M, Verfaillie CM (2010) A novel serum-free medium for the expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 1(8):1–8
Chase L, Boucher S, Vemuri M (2010) Serum-free and xeno-free culture medium for the expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells. Hum Gene Ther 21(6):785–786
Lindroos B, Boucher S, Chase L, Kuokkanen H, Huhtala H, Haataja R et al (2009) Serum-free, xeno-free culture media maintain the proliferation rate and multipotentiality of adipose stem cells in vitro. Cytotherapy 11(7):958–972
Shepherd AJ, Wilson NJ, Smith KT (2003) Characterisation of endogenous retrovirus in rodent cell lines used for production of biologicals. Biologicals 31(4):251–260
Wolfe M, Pochampally R, Swaney W, Reger R (2008) Isolation and culture of bone marrow-derived human multipotent stromal cells (hMSCs). Methods Mol Biol 449:3–25
Sekiya I, Larson BL, Smith JR, Pochampally R, Cui JG, Prockop DJ (2002) Expansion of human adult stem cells from bone marrow stroma: conditions that maximize the yields of early progenitors and evaluate their quality. Stem Cells 20(6):530–541
LeBlanc K, Frassoni F, Ball L, Locatelli F, Roelofs H, Lewis I et al (2008) Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of steroid-resistant, severe, acute graft-versus-host disease: a phase II study. Lancet 371(9624):1579–1586
Yang HS, Jeon O, Bhang SH, Lee SH, Kim BS (2010) Suspension culture of mammalian cells using thermosensitive microcarrier that allows cell detachment without proteolytic enzyme treatment. Cell Transplant 19:1123–1132
Eibes G, dos Santos F, Andrade PZ, Boura JS, Abecasis MMA, da Silva CL et al (2010) Maximizing the ex vivo expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells using a microcarrier-based stirred culture system. J Biotechnol 146(4):194–197
Frauenschuh S, Reichmann E, Ibold Y, Goetz PM, Sittinger M, Ringe J (2007) A microcarrier-based cultivation system for expansion of primary mesenchymal stem cells. Biotechnol Prog 23(1):187–193
Schop D, Janssen FW, Borgart E, de Bruijn JD, Dijkhuizen-Radersma R (2008) Expansion of mesenchymal stem cells using a microcarrier-based cultivation system: growth and metabolism. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2(2–3):126–135
Liu Y, Xu X, Ma X, Martin-Rendon E, Watt S, Cui Z (2010) Cryopreservation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells with reduced dimethylsulfoxide and well-defined freezing solutions. Biotechnol Prog 26:1635–1643
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (2004) Guidance for industry – sterile drug products produced by aseptic processing – current good manufacturing practice. p 1–59 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research Rockville, MD
FDA (2008) Guidance for industry – process validation: general principals and practices (draft guidance) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research Rockville, MD
Butler JM (2006) Genetics and genomics of core short tandem repeat loci used in human identity testing. J Forensic Sci 51(2):253–265
Bentley G, Higuchi R, Hoglund B, Goodridge D, Sayer D, Trachtenberg EA et al (2009) High-resolution, high-throughput HLA genotyping by next-generation sequencing. Tissue Antigens 74(5):393–403
Schmid I, Krall WJ, Uittenbogaart CH, Braun J, Giorgi JV (1992) Dead cell discrimination with 7-amino-actinomycin-D in combination with dual color immunofluorescence in single laser flow-cytometry. Cytometry 13(2):204–208
FDA (1993) Points to consider in the characterization of cell lines used to produce biologics U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research Rockville, MD
Catalina P, Cobo F, Cortes JL, Nieto AI, Cabrera C, Montes R et al (2007) Conventional and molecular cytogenetic diagnostic methods in stem cell research: a concise review. Cell Biol Int 31(9):861–869
Sumstad D, Carlson M, Adams S, Kadidlo D, Bostrom N, Wagner J et al (2009) Reduction of non-clinical-/non-cGMP-grade culture reagents and measurement of residual ingredients in final early phase cellular therapy products. Presented at the International Society for Cellular Therapy 2009 Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA
FDA (2008) Guidance for industry: potency tests for cellular and gene therapy products (draft guidance) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research Rockville, MD
Le Blanc K, Rasmusson I, Gotherstrom C, Seidel C, Sundberg B, Sundin M et al (2004) Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the expression of CD25 (interleukin-2 receptor) and CD38 on phytohaemagglutinin-activated lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol 60(3):307–315
Di Nicola M, Carlo-Stella C, Magni M, Milanesi M, Longoni PD, Matteucci P et al (2002) Human bone marrow stromal cells suppress T-lymphocyte proliferation induced by cellular or nonspecific mitogenic stimuli. Blood 99(10):3838–3843
Matthay MA, Thompson BT, Read EJ, McKenna DH, Liu KD, Calfee CS et al (2010) Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells for severe acute lung injury. Chest 138(4):965–972
Bernardo ME, Avanzini MA, Ciccocioppo R, Perotti C, Cometa AM, Moretta A et al (2008) Phenotypical and functional characterization of in vitro expanded bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells from patients with Crohn’s disease. Blood 112(11):888
De Bari C, Dell’Accio F, Karystinou A, Guillot PV, Fisk NM, Jones EA et al (2008) A biomarker-based mathematical model to predict bone-forming potency of human synovial and periosteal mesenchymal stem cells. Arthritis Rheum 58(1):240–250
Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD et al (1999) Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 284(5411):143–147
Wagner W, Wein F, Roderburg C, Saffrich R, Diehlmann A, Eckstein V et al (2008) Adhesion of human hematopoietic progenitor cells to mesenchymal stromal cells involves CD44. Cells Tissues Organs 188(1–2):160–169
Kadereit S, Deeds LS, Haynesworth SE, Koc ON, Kozik MM, Szekely E et al (2002) Expansion of LSTC-ICs and maintenance of p21 and BCL-2 expression in cord blood CD34(+)/CD38(−) early progenitors cultured over human MSCs as a feeder layer. Stem Cells 20(6):573–582
Hatzistergos KE, Quevedo H, Oskouei BN, Hu QH, Feigenbaum GS, Margitich IS et al (2010) Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells stimulate cardiac stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Circ Res 107(7):913
Ghannam S, Bouffi C, Djouad F, Jorgensen C, Noel D (2010) Immunosuppression by mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms and clinical applications. Stem Cell Res Ther 1(2):1–7
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hei, D.J., McKenna, D.H. (2013). cGMP Production of MSCs. In: Hematti, P., Keating, A. (eds) Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5711-4_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5711-4_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-5710-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-5711-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)