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Vipericidins, Snake Venom Cathelicidin-Related Peptides, in the Milieu of Reptilian Antimicrobial Polypeptides

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Snake Venoms

Part of the book series: Toxinology ((TOXI))

Abstract

After the “antibiotic age” we are experiencing a “post-antibiotic era”, in which our current antimicrobial arsenal is expiring. In addition, drug-resistant infectious diseases have emerged and reemerged. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) arose as an alternative to classical antibiotic drugs. AMPs are selective membrane-active compounds with a wide spectrum of action against bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Due to their properties, AMPs are also effective as anticancer peptides and some AMPs can connect the innate and acquired immunity. To date, thousands of sequences have been described from a wide range of phyla. In reptilians, the predominant classes of AMPs that have been found until now encompass β-defensins and the cathelicidins. Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptides (CRAMPs) have been characterized from Asian elapids and South American pit vipers. Vipericidins from rattlesnakes and jararacas and elapid CRAMPs from cobra and kraits consist of a signal peptide, a conserved cathelin domain, and variable carboxyl-terminal sequences of linear α-helical peptides, from where the antimicrobials are released. Full and short synthetic versions of vipericidins and elapid CRAMPs have been prepared and possess a distinct efficacy toward microbial and transformed malignant cells. Although not belonging to the class of the AMPs, venom polypeptides with biocide activity comprise enzymatic toxins (e.g., PLA2) and nonenzymatic waprins. Altogether, animal venom constitutes a rich source for the disclosure of AMPs with diverse sequences and multiple functions. Given the current knowledge, venom-derived AMPs offer a multitude of possibilities for understanding the evolution of this immune-effector molecule and for generating engineered peptides by de novo design.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

    Gandhi Rádis-Baptista

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  1. Gandhi Rádis-Baptista
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  1. Biomedical Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industria, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

    Hidetoshi Inagaki

  2. University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

    Carl-Wilhelm Vogel

  3. Department of Molecular Biology and Biot, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India

    Ashis K. Mukherjee

  4. Egyptian Society of Natural Toxins and Z, Faculty of Science Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

    Tarek R. Rahmy

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Rádis-Baptista, G. (2017). Vipericidins, Snake Venom Cathelicidin-Related Peptides, in the Milieu of Reptilian Antimicrobial Polypeptides. In: Inagaki, H., Vogel, CW., Mukherjee, A., Rahmy, T. (eds) Snake Venoms. Toxinology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6410-1_2

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