Abstract
COVID-19 response experience around the world has demonstrated that it is indispensable to understand the public understanding of, and needs during, risk, hazards, and crisis in public policy, in particular related to the security of society as a whole. The ultimate goal of homeland security and broader civil (or sometimes referred to as societal) security alike, as well as of related security science research, is to accomplish resilient societies through a culture of preparedness. Civic security culture is a necessary ingredient to such a culture of preparedness. The security culture perspective also helps understand how a resilient society and nation can be fostered while enhancing democratic values. This chapter discusses civic security culture (different, for example, from elite culture, first responder culture, agency culture, organizational culture, or safety culture) using the example of U.S. homeland security. Specifically, employing and extrapolating from the results of a multi-year Pennsylvania representative opinion poll study, it demonstrates how to investigate civic homeland security culture empirically and portrays a picture of such culture in a large U.S. state that appears to allow for some reasonable generalizations. In its conclusion, the chapter also indicates how such study of security culture can help assess homeland and/or civil security policy and governance, identify gaps, and recommend improvements.
References
Adler E (1997) Seizing the middle ground. Constructivism in world politics. Eur J Int Relat 3(3):319–363. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066197003003003
Adler E, Barnett M (eds) (1998) Security communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Airhihenbuwa CO, Iwelunmor J, Munodawafa D, Ford CL, Oni T, Agyemang C, Mota C, Ikuomola OB, Simbayi L, Fallah MP, Qian Z, Makinwa B, Niang C, Okosun I (2020) Culture matters in communicating the global response to COVID-19. Prev Chronic Dis 17:E60. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200245
Almond GA, Verba S (1963) The civic culture. Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Almond GA, Verba S (1989) The civic culture revisited. Sage, Newbury Park
Ander S, Swift, A (2017) “See something, say something” unfamiliar to most Americans, GALLUP. http://www.gallup.com/poll/166622/something-say-something-unfamiliar-americans.aspx. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Arfsten KS (2020) Before, now, and after the event of terror. Situational terror awareness for civilians in US homeland security. Eur J Secur Res 5:223–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41125-019-00054-9
Aspin L (1993) Report on the bottom-up review. Department of Defense, Washington, DC. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=448259. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Bach R, Kaufman D (2009) A social infrastructure for hometown security. Advancing the homeland security paradigm.” Homel Secur Aff 5, Article 2. https://www.hsaj.org/articles/101. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Baker GW, Chapman DW (eds) (1962) Man and society in disaster. Basic Books, New York
Baldwin A (2001) Terrorism ideology and perceptions of homeland security in Tennessee law enforcement. Master’s thesis, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. https://scholar.utc.edu/theses/192. Accessed 9 Apr 2021
Birkland TA (2009) Disasters, catastrophes, and policy failure in the homeland security era. Rev Policy Res 26(4):423–438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2009.00393.x
Brown B (2009) Texas homeland security. Trust, communication, and effective working relationships between regional coordinators and local respondents. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, Saarbrücken
Burgess JP (ed) (2010) The Routledge handbook of new security studies. Routledge, Milton Park
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (n.d.) Pennsylvania governor’s office of homeland security. http://www.homelandsecurity.pa.gov. Accessed 24 Mar 2021
Cutter SL, Rubin CB (2020) Glancing backward while moving forward. In: Cutter SL, Rubin CB (eds) U.S. emergency management in the 21st century: from disaster to catastrophe. Routledge, New York and London, pp 233–252
Davis DW, Barbish V (2019) Citizens’ perceptions of the risks produced by terrorism. A predicator of public policy outcomes? Homel Secur Today, 17 Jun 2019. https://www.hstoday.us/white-papers/citizens-perceptions-of-the-risks-produced-by-terrorism-a-predicator-of-public-policy-outcomes. Accessed 9 Apr 2021
Donahue AK, Eckel CC, Wilson RK (2014) Ready or not? How citizens and public officials perceive risk and preparedness. Am Rev Public Adm 44(4):89S–111S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074013506517
Donnermeyer JF (n.d.) Citizens attitudes on homeland security. Results of a statewide survey in Ohio. The Ohio State University, Department of Human and Community Resource Development. http://www.publicsafety.ohio.gov/links/ocjs_CitizenAttitudesonHomelandSecurity.pdf. Accessed 22 Mar 2021
Dory AJ (2003) American civil security. The U.S. public and homeland security. The Washington Q 27(13):37–52. https://doi.org/10.1162/016366003322596909
Drake B (2013) Homeland security is viewed favorably by Americans ahead of Jeh Johnson’s hearing. Pew Research Center, 13 Nov 2013. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/11/13/senate-committee-considers-new-leader-for-the-favorably-viewed-homeland-security-department. Accessed 9 Apr 2021
Falkheimer J, Heide M (2006) Multicultural crisis communication. Towards a social constructionist perspective. J Contingencies Crisis Manag 14(4):180–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2006.00494.x
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2018) 2018–2022 strategic plan. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-03/fema-strategic-plan_2018-2022.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2019) 2019 national preparedness report. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-03/fema_national-preparedness-report-2019.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2020a) 2020 national preparedness report. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_2020-national-preparedness-report.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2020b) COVID-19 pandemic operational guidance for the 2020 hurricane season. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/2020_Hurricane_Pandemic_Plan.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2021) Mission & strategic plan. https://www.fema.gov/about/mission. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Giblin MJ, Schafer JA, Burruss GW (2008) Homeland security in the heartland. Risk, preparedness, and organizational capacity. Crim Justice Policy Rev 20(3):274–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403408323762
Givens AD, Busch NE, Bersin AD (2018) Going global. The international dimensions of U.S. homeland security policy. J Strategic Sec 11(3):1–34. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.11.3.1689
Harvey FP (2008) The homeland security dilemma. Fear, failure and the future of American insecurity. Routledge, New York
Homeland Security Studies and Analysis Institute (2014) Measuring for results, key concepts for understanding the performance of DHS programs and activities. Falls Church. https://www.anser.org/Docs/Performance-Measurement-Guidebook_508_final.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Jenkin CM (2006) Risk perception and terrorism. Applying the psychometric paradigm. Homel Secur Aff 2 (2006), Article 6. https://www.hsaj.org/articles/169. Accessed 9 Apr 2021
Jerković A (2018) Homeland security cultures to foster a resilient nation while safeguarding the “blessings of liberty.” In Siedschlag A, Jerković A (eds) Homeland security cultures. Enhancing values while fostering resilience. Rowman & Littlefield International, Lanham, p 297–316
Jones J (2015) Americans’ perception of airport safety. J Crim Justice Law Rev 4(1):67–77
Journal of Risk Research (2021) COVID-19 one year on. Special issue. J Risk Res 24(3–4). https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rjrr20/24/3-4?nav=tocList
Kaufmann S, Wichum R (2016) Risk and security: diagnosis of the present in the context of (post-)modern insecurities. Historical Soc Res/Historische Sozialforschung 41(1):48–69
Khalil L (2006) Public perception and homeland security. In: JJF F (ed) Homeland security. Protecting America’s targets. Vol. II: public spaces and social institutions. Praeger, Westport, pp 303–332
Kilroy RJ (ed) (2018) Threats to homeland security. Reassessing the all-hazards perspective, 2nd edn. Wiley, Hoboken
Knox CC, Haupt BB (2020) Cultural competency for emergency and crisis management. Concepts, theories, and case studies. Routledge, New York and London
Lazarus JV, Binagwaho A, El-Mohandes AAE, Fielding JE, Larson HJ, Plasència A, Andriukaitis V, Ratzan SC (2020) Keeping governments accountable. The COVID-19 assessment scorecard (COVID-SCORE). Nat Med 26(7):1005–1008. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0950-0
Liu X, Mumpower JL, Portney KE, Vedlitz A (2019) Perceived risk of terrorism and policy preferences for government counterterrorism spending. Evidence from a U.S. national panel survey. Risk Hazards Crisis Pub Policy 10(1):102–135. https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12154
Loseke DR (2013) Methodological thinking. Basic principles of social research design. Sage, Thousand Oaks
Miller JM, Krosnick JA, Fabrigar LR (2017) The origins of policy issue salience. Personal and national importance impact on behavioral, cognitive, and emotional issue engagement. In: Krosnick JA, Chiang ICA, Stark TH (eds) Political psychology. New explorations. Psychology Press, New York, pp 125–171
Morag N (2018) Homeland security. Global lessons, 2nd edn. Wiley, Hoboken
Mueller JE (2009) Overblown. How politicians and the terrorism industry inflate national security threats, and why we believe them. Free Press, New York
Napolitano J with Breslau K (2019) How safe are we? Homeland security since 9/11. Public Affairs, New York
National Research Council of the National Academies, Committee on Educational Paradigms for Homeland Security (2005) Frameworks for higher education in homeland security. Washington, DC
Newport F (2002) Americans approve of proposed Department of Homeland Security. Gallup News Service. https://news.gallup.com/poll/6163/americans-approve-proposed-department-homeland-security.aspx. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Norris P (1989) Critical citizens. Global support for democratic governance. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Norris P (2011) Democratic deficit. Critical citizens revisited. Cambridge University Press, New York
Penn State Harrisburg (2014) TMI@35. The Three Mile Island nuclear crisis in perspective. https://sites.psu.edu/tmi35. Accessed 29 Mar 2021
Pew Research Center (2015) Beyond distrust. How Americans view their government: Broad criticism, but positive performance ratings in many areas. https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2015/11/11-23-2015-Governance-release.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Pew Research Center (2020) Public holds broadly favorable views of many federal agencies, including CDC and HHS. Republicans’ ratings of several agencies rise. https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2020/04/PP_2020.04.09_Agencies_FINAL.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Reddick CG (2007) Homeland security preparedness and planning in US city governments. A survey of city managers. J Contingencies Crisis Manag 15(3):157–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00518.x
Robinson SE, Liu X, Stoutenborough JW, Vedlitz A (2012) Explaining popular trust in the Department of Homeland Security. J Pub Adm Res Theory 23(3):713–733. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mus025
Sanquist TF, Mahy H, Morris F (2008) An exploratory risk perception study of attitudes toward homeland security systems. Risk Anal 28(4):1125–1133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01069.x
Siedschlag A (ed) (2015) Cross-disciplinary perspectives on homeland and civil security. A research-based introduction. Peter Lang, New York
Siedschlag A (2018) Chapter 4: understanding threat assessments. A risk management approach to all-hazards assessments. In: Kilroy RJ Jr (ed) Threats to homeland security. An all-hazards perspective, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 109–150
Siedschlag A, Jerković A (eds) (2018) Homeland security cultures. Enhancing values while fostering resilience. Rowman & Littlefield International, Lanham
Stephens S (2019) Perceptions of homeland security policing in an urban Midwestern community. Walden University Ph.D. Dissertation, Public Policy and Administration, Homeland Security Policy & Coordination. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7959&context=dissertations. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Swidler A (1986) Culture in action. Symbols and strategies. Am Sociol Rev 51(2):273–286. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095521
The President of the United States, Homeland Security Council (2007) National strategy for homeland security. The White House, Washington, DC. https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/nat_strat_homelandsecurity_2007.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
The White House (2011) Presidential policy directive/PPD-8. National preparedness. https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/presidential-policy-directive-8-national-preparedness.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2010a) Bottom-up review report. Washington, DC. https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/bur_bottom_up_review.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2010b) Quadrennial homeland security review report. A strategic framework for a secure homeland. Washington, DC. https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/2010-qhsr-report.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2011) National preparedness goal. 1st ed. http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1828-25045-9470/national_preparedness_goal_2011.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2014) The 2014 quadrennial homeland security review. http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/2014-qhsr-final-508.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2015) National preparedness goal. 2nd edn. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/national_preparedness_goal_2nd_edition.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2019a) The DHS strategic plan. Fiscal years 2020–2024. https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/19_0702_plcy_dhs-strategic-plan-fy20-24.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2019b) Mission. Last updated 3 Jul. https://www.dhs.gov/mission. Accessed 22 Mar 2021
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2021) Testimony of Alejandro N. Mayorkas, Secretary of Homeland Security, before Committee on Homeland Security U.S. House of Representatives on “The way forward on homeland security.” 17 Mar. https://homeland.house.gov/imo/media/doc/Testimony-Mayorkas.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (n.d.) If You See Something, Say Something™. https://www.dhs.gov/see-something-say-something. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
United States Government Accountability Office (2020) COVID 19: FEMA’s role in the response and related challenges. Statement of Chris P. Currie, Director, Homeland Security and Justice before the Subcommittee on Oversight, Management, and Accountability, and the Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery, Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives (GAO-20-685T). Washington, DC. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-20-685t.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Wæver O (1993) Societal security – the concept. In: Wæver O, Buzan B, Kelstrup M, Lemaitre P (eds) Identity, migration and the new security agenda in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London, pp 17–40
Wolfenstein M (1957) Disaster. A psychological essay. The Free Press, Glencoe
Wuthnow R (2010) Be very afraid. The cultural response to terror, pandemics, environmental devastation, nuclear annihilation, and other threats. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Siedschlag, A. (2022). Civic Homeland Security Culture: A Poll Study Approach and the Example of Pennsylvania. In: Masys, A.J. (eds) Handbook of Security Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51761-2_39-2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51761-2_39-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-51761-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-51761-2
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Physics and AstronomyReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics
Publish with us
Chapter history
-
Latest
Civic Homeland Security Culture: A Poll Study Approach and the Example of Pennsylvania- Published:
- 02 December 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51761-2_39-2
-
Original
Civic Homeland Security Culture: A Poll Study Approach and the Example of Pennsylvania- Published:
- 30 October 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51761-2_39-1