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Basic Properties of the Atomic Nucleus

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Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry

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1 Nucleons and Nuclear Forces

1.1 Fundamental constituents and interactions of matter

According to our present knowledge, the fundamental constituents of matter are quarks and leptons . Both quarks and leptons are pointlike and structureless on a scale of 10−17 m. These particles may interact with each other via four apparently different fundamental interactions: strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational interactions. Any interaction is mediated by the exchange of specific interaction quanta. Some of the most important properties of quarks and leptons are summarized in TABLE 1. The table contains also the properties of quanta of electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions 1 . The characteristic scale for gluons is < 0.1 fm (i.e., < 10−16 m).

TABLE 1.
figure 1_0-387-30682-X_2

Properties of fundamental constituents of matter: quarks*, leptons, and field quanta (gauge bosons). R, G, B and denote red, green, blue colors and antired, antigreen, antiblue complementary colors, respectively. Electron...

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Notes

  1. 1.

    1 For a detailed review of particle properties see refs. Groom et al. 2000, Perkins 2000, and Halzen and Martin 1984.

  2. 2.

    2 The rest energy of the Δ++ baryon is 1232 MeV.

  3. 3.

    3 We remark that for the notation of nuclear spin symbols I and J are used in this chapter alternatively, in accordance with notations in the corresponding literature.

  4. 4.

    4 The theory of configuration mixing is explained, e.g., in ref. Fényes 2002.

  5. 5.

    5 The weakest, i.e., the gravitational force can be completely neglected in a nuclear system, see TABLE 2.

  6. 6.

    6 In the long-wavelength approximation it is assumed that 2Rπ ≪ λ, where R is the nuclear radius and λ is the wavelength of the γ radiation.

  7. 7.

    7 The time-energy uncertainty relation expresses that the time τ characteristic of the rate of change of the physical properties of the system is related to the change in energy ΔE, as ΔEτ ≥ ħ/2

  8. 8.

    8 For the probabilistic interpretation of the decay constant see Chapter 7 under the exponential distribution or Chapter 5, Subsection 1.2.

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(2003). Basic Properties of the Atomic Nucleus. In: Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30682-X_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30682-X_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-1305-8

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