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Production and Identification of Transactinide Elements

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Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry

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1 Introduction

A fundamental question is how many elements can we find in nature and what are the limits of stability of matter in terms of nuclear mass and charge. The first part of these questions has been tried to be answered by searches for superheavy elements in nature. Up to now, no chemical element beyond plutonium has been found on earth (Herrmann 1979, Seaborg 1979). The second part can only be answered by laboratory experiments and is still subject of research.

The first milestone on the way to transuranium elements is the work of Hahn and Strassmann aiming at the synthesis of these elements by using Fermi's method (Fermi 1934) of neutron irradiation and successive β decay to transmute a chemical element into its next heavy neighbor. In irradiations of 238U with neutrons, they found barium isotopes instead of new elements beyond uranium (Hahn and Strassmann 1939a, b). This was the discovery of (induced) nuclear fission, a new type of nuclear reaction specific to the...

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Notes

  1. 1.

    1See remark (#31) in Chapter 7, Volume 1.

  2. 2.

    2See Subsection 3.3 in Chapter 7, Volume 1.

  3. 3.

    3See also remark (#33) in Chapter 7, Volume 1.

  4. 4.

    4See also Subsection 3.3 in Chapter 4, Volume 1, discussing in detail the (un-normalized) fissility parameter Z2/A.

  5. 5.

    5See Subsection 3.4 in Chapter 2, Volume 1, for the rotational motion of nuclei including the case of quadrupole deformation and the properties of well-deformed nuclei.

  6. 6.

    6See Subsection 2.1, Chapter 2, Volume 1 as well as Section 3, Chapter 4, Volume 1 for a detailed explanation of the liquid drop model in general.

  7. 7.

    7Editor's remark: Note that the technical term ‘cold fusion’ used here has nothing to do with the ‘cold fusion’ of the early 1990's which—after so much fuss, excitement and publicity—turned out to be a hoax after all.

  8. 8.

    8See also Subsection 4.5, Chapter 4, Volume 1, on fission isomers.

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(2003). Production and Identification of Transactinide Elements. In: Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30682-X_16

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30682-X_16

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