Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Change of ginsenoside composition in red ginseng processed with citric acid

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Food Science and Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to investigate the composition of ginsenosides and to identify the chemical structures of ginsenosides generated from red ginseng by citric acid pre-treatment (RGC). The amount and the composition of ginsenosides in red ginseng (RG) and RGC were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The content of Rg3, a well-known bioactive ginsenoside in RGC increased significantly (p<0.05) over 2 fold (0.411 mg/g) when compared with RG (0.186 mg/g). Moreover, the structures of 5 novel ginsenosides in RGC were investigated by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis. Three peaks were completely fragmentized from their mother ions to aglycones and suggested to be less polar ginsenosides Rk3/Rh4, Rk1, and Rg5. This study suggested that by processing red ginseng with citric acid it is possible to enhance the yield of both ginsenoside Rg3 and less polar ginsenosides.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Grandhi A, Mujumdar AM, Patwardhan B. A comparative pharmacological investigation of ashwagandha and ginseng. J. Ethnopharmacol. 44: 131–135 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Rausch WD, Liu S, Gille G, Radad K. Neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 66: 369–375 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hikino H, Oshima Y, Suzuki Y, Konno C. Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of panaxans F, G, H, I, J, K, and L, glycans of Panax ginseng roots. Shoyakigaku Zasshi 39: 331–337 (1985)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Surh YJ, Na HK, Lee JY, Keum YS. Molecular mechanisms underlying anti-tumor promoting activities of heat-processed Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J. Korean Med. Sci. 16: 38–41 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kim JS, Yoon KS, Lee YS. Antioxidant activity of main and fine roots of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) extracted with various solvents. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 17: 46–51 (2008)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Fuzzati N. Analysis methods of ginsenosides. J. Chromatogr. B 812: 119–133 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kim WY, Kim JM, Han SB, Lee SK, Kim ND, Park MK, Kim CK, Park JH. Steaming of ginseng at high temperature enhances biological activity. J. Nat. Prod. 63: 1702–1704 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kim SI, Park JH, Ryu JH, Park JD, Lee YH, Park JH, Kim TH, Kim JM, Beak NI. Ginsenoside Rg5, a genuine dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng. Arch. Pharm. Res. 19: 551–553 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ryu JH, Park JH, Kim TH, Sohn DH, Kim JM, Park JH. A genuine dammarane glycoside, (20E)-ginsenoside F4 from Korean red ginseng. Arch. Pharm. Res. 19: 335–336 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Park JD, Lee YH, Kim SI. Ginsenoside Rf2, a new dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng). Arch. Pharm. Res. 21: 615–617 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Beak NI, Kim DS, Lee YH, Park JD, Lee CB, Kim SI. Ginsenoside Rh4, a genuine dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng. Planta Med. 62: 86–87 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Park IH, Kim NY, Han SB, Kim JM, Kwon SW, Kim HJ, Park MK, Park JH. Three new dammarane glycosides from heat processed ginseng. Arch. Pharm. Res. 25: 428–432 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bao HY, Zhang J, Yeo SJ, Myung CS, Kim HM, Kim JM, Park JH, Cho J, Kang JS. Memory enhancing and nueroprotective effects of selected ginsenosides. Arch. Pharm. Res. 28: 335–342 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kang KS, Kim HY, Yamabe N, Yokozawa T. Stereospecificity in hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of four ginsenosides produced by heat processing. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 16: 5028–5031 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Keum YS, Park KK, Lee JM, Chun KS, Park JH, Lee SK, Kwon H, Surh YJ. Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heat-processed ginseng. Cancer Lett. 150: 41–48 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Beak SH, Piao XL, Lee UJ, Kim HY, Park JH. Reduction of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by ginsenosides isolated from processed ginseng in cultured renal tubular cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29: 2051–2055 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kwon SW, Han SB, Park IH, Kim JM, Park MK, Park JH. Liquid chromatographic determination of less polar ginsenosides in processed ginseng. J. Chromatogr. A 921: 335–339 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ko SK, Lee KH, Hong JK, Kang SA, Sohn UD, Im BO, Han ST, Yang BW, Chung SH, Lee BY. Change of ginsenoside composition in ginseng extract by vinegar process. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 14: 509–513 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ando T, Tanaka O, Shibata S. Chemical studies on the oriental plant drugs (XXV). Comparative studies on the saponins and sapogenins of ginseng and related crude drugs. Syoyakugaku Zasshi 25: 28–32 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kim SN, Ha YW, Shin H, Son SH, Wu SJ, Kim YS. Simultaneous quantification of 14 ginsenosides in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Korean red ginseng) by HPLC-ELSD and its application to quality control. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. 45: 164–170 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Keum YS, Han SS, Chun KS, Park KK, Park JH, Lee SK, Surh YJ. Inhibitory effects of the ginsenoside Rg3 on phorbol ester-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression, NF-kB activation and tumor promotion. Mutat. Res. 523–524: 75–85 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kim SW, Kwon HY, Chi DW, Shim JH, Park JD, Lee YH, Pyo S, Rhee DK. Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by ginsenoside Rg3. Biochem. Pharmacol. 65: 75–82 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ko SK, Cho OS, Be HM, Sohn UD, Im BO, Cho SH, Yang BW, Chung SH, Shin WS, Lee BY. Ginsonoside composition changes in ginseng extracts by different ascorbic acid treatments. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 17: 883–887 (2008)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Popovich DG, Kitts DD. Structure-function relationship exists for ginsenosides in reducing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in the human leukemia (THP-1) cell line. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 406: 1–8 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Shibata S, Tanaka T, Ando T, Sado M, Tsushima S, Ohsawa T. Chemical studies on oriental plant drugs (XIV). Protopanaxadiol, a genuine sapogenin of ginseng saponins. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 14: 595–600 (1966)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan, 604-714, Korea

    Jung-Hyun Yi, Min-Young Kim & Mira Jun

  2. Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 463-746, Korea

    Young-Chan Kim

  3. Food Science Institute, School of Food and Life Science, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, 621-749, Korea

    Woo-Sik Jeong

  4. Biomaterial Analytical Lab, Central Instrument Facility, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, Korea

    Dong-Won Bae

  5. Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Korea

    Jong-Moon Hur

Authors
  1. Jung-Hyun Yi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Min-Young Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Young-Chan Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Woo-Sik Jeong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Dong-Won Bae
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jong-Moon Hur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Mira Jun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mira Jun.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yi, JH., Kim, MY., Kim, YC. et al. Change of ginsenoside composition in red ginseng processed with citric acid. Food Sci Biotechnol 19, 647–653 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-010-0091-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-010-0091-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation