Abstract
Although the pharmacological action of red ginseng is mostly generated by ginsenosides, contents of ginsenosides in manufactured extracts are still varying according to processing and storage conditions. Rg1, Rb1, and Rh1 levels significantly decreased overtime under pH adjustment and thermal treatment during storage, and these changes were exacerbated at lower pH and higher storage temperature. However, Rg3 level showed the opposite pattern compared to other ginsenosides. Rg3 level linearly increased at higher temperature and pH while significantly decreased at pH 2. Furthermore, Rg3 level constantly increased during storage. This is the first combined study on the effects of manufacturing and storage conditions on ginsenoside contents of red-ginseng-extract products. To minimize loss of major marker and bioactive compounds of red ginseng products during manufacturing processes and storage, it is recommended that red-ginseng-extracts be maintained at pH 6–8, sterilized at below 105 °C, and stored at below 25 °C.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Park JD, Rhee DK, Lee YH. Biological activities and chemical of saponins from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Phytochem. Rev. 4: 159–175 (2005)
Lee SM, Bae B-S, Park H-W, Ahn N-G, Cho B-G, Cho Y-L, Kwak Y-S. Characterization of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer): History, preparation method, and chemical composition. J. Ginseng Res. 39: 384–391 (2015)
Leung KW, Wong AS-T. Pharmacology of ginsenosides: a literature review. Chin. Med. 5: 20 (2010)
Nag SA, Qin J-J, Wang W, Wang M-H, Wang H, Zhang R. Ginsenosides as anticancer agents: in vitro and in vivo activities, structure-activity relationship, and molecular mechanisms of action. Front. Pharmacol. 3: 25 (2012)
Li X-F, Lui CN-P, Jiang Z-H, Ken YK-L. Neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides Rh1 and Rg2 on neuronal cells. Chin. Med. 6: 1 (2011)
Yoon J-H, Choi Y-J, Lee S-G. Ginsenoside Rh1 suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression through inhibition of activator protein-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 679: 24–33 (2012)
Keum Y-S, Park K-K, Lee J-M, Chun K-S, Park J-H, Lee SK, Kwon H, Surh Y-J. Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heat-processed ginseng. Cancer Lett. 150: 41–48 (2000)
Mochizuki M, Yoo YC, Matsuzawa K, Sato K, Saiki I, Tonooka S, Samukawa K, Azuma I. Inhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside-Rb2, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, of red ginseng. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 18: 1197–1202 (1995)
Dela Pena I, Yoon SY, Kim HJ, Park S, Hong EY, Ryu JH, Park IH, Cheong JH. Effects of ginseol k-g3, an Rg3-enriched fraction, on scopolamine-induced memory impairment and learning deficit in mice. J. Ginseing Res. 38: 1–7 (2014)
Bae SH, Lee H-S, Kim M-R, Kim SY, Kim J-M, Suh HJ. Changes of ginsenoside content by mushroom mycelial fermentation in red ginseng extract. J. Ginseng Res. 35: 235–242 (2011)
Kim E-A, Renchinkhand G, Urgamal M, Park YW, Nam MS. Functional characteristics of Enterococcus faecium SA5 and its potential in conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 in ginseng. J. Life Sci. 27: 172–179 (2017)
Han BH, Park MH, Han YN, Woo LK, Sankawa U, Yahara S, Tanaka O. Degradation of ginseng saponins under mild acidic conditions. Planta Med. 44: 146–149 (1982)
Nam KY. The comparative understanding between red ginseng and white ginsengs, processed ginsengs (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). J. Ginseng Res. 29: 1–18 (2005)
Choi K-H, Kwak Y-S, Rhee M-H, Hwang M-S, Kim S-C, Park C-K, Han G-H, Song K-B. Effects of pH and high temperature treatment on the changes of major ginsenosides composition in Korean red ginseng water extract. J. Ginseng Res. 32: 127–134 (2008)
Choi JE, Han JS, Kang SJ, Kim KH, Kim KH, Yook HS. Saponin contents and physicochemical properties of red ginseng extract pouch products collected from ginseng markets in Korea. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 39: 1660–1665 (2010)
Choi JE, Li X, Han YH, Lee KT. Changes of saponin contents of leaves, stems and flower-buds of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer by harvesting days. Korean J. Med. Crop Sci. 17: 251–256 (2009)
Yang JW, Do JH, Sung HS, Hong SK. Studies on the manufacturing of ginseng soft drink II. Effect of pH and heat treatment on the stability of panaxadiol saponins. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 6: 25–29 (1982)
In JG, Lee BS, Kim EJ, Park MH, Yang DC. Increase of functional saponin by acidic treatment and temperature of red ginseng extract. Korean J. Plant Res. 19: 139–143 (2006)
Kong YH, Rho JH, Cho C-W, Kim MH, Lee YC, Kim SS, Lee P, Choi SY. Variation of phenolic ingredient and ginsenoside content in red ginseng extract by acid treatment. J. Ginseng Res. 33: 194–198 (2009)
Bae EA, Shin JE, Kim DH. Metabolism of ginsenoside Re by human intestinal microflora and its estrogenic effect. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28: 1903–1908 (2005)
Hwang CR, Lee SH, Jang GY, Hwang IG, Kim HY, Woo KS, Lee J, Jeong HS. Changes in ginsenoside compositions and antioxidant activities of hydroponic-cultured ginseng roots and leaves with heating temperature. J. Ginseng Res. 38: 180–186 (2014)
Kim WY, Kim JM, Han SB, Lee SK, Kim ND, Park MK, Kim CK, Park JH. Steaming of ginseng at high temperature enhances biological activity. J. Nat. Prod. 63: 1702–1704 (2000)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the 2012 Yeungnam University Research Grant.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lee, SH., Kim, K.M., Kim, D. et al. Changes in ginsenoside patterns of red ginseng extracts according to manufacturing and storage conditions. Food Sci Biotechnol 26, 1735–1741 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-017-0149-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-017-0149-4