Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Review of Sintering Technologies, Structural Characteristics, and Piezoelectric Properties of NKN-Based Lead-Free Ceramics

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The (Na1−xKx)NbO3-based (NKN-based) lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have been extensively investigated from the beginning of this century to replace the Pb(Zr1−xTix)O3-based piezoelectric ceramics. The sintering of the NKN-based ceramics is difficult because they are soluble in water, and Na2O evaporation, which degrades the piezoelectric properties of the specimen, occurs during sintering. CuO was used as a sintering aid to improve the sinterability and to reduce the sintering temperature of the NKN ceramics. The NKN-based ceramics with various polymorphic phase boundary (PPB) structures such as orthorhombic–tetragonal PPB, rhombohedral–orthorhombic PPB, and rhombohedral–tetragonal PPB structures were developed to enhance the piezoelectric properties. The specimen with the rhombohedral–tetragonal PPB structure has been reported to show excellent piezoelectric properties. Recently, NKN-based ceramics with various pseudocubic-based PPB structures were reported, and they exhibited enhanced piezoelectric properties with good thermal stability. In this manuscript, the sintering of NKN-based ceramics and the various PPB structures developed for improving their piezoelectric properties are discussed in detail.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J.G. Yi, S. Chang, Y.T. Shen, IEEE-ASME Trans. Mechatron. 14, 456 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. M.S. Senousy, R.K.N.D. Rajapakse, D. Mumford, M.S. Gadala, Smart Mater. Struct. 18, 045008 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. J.P. Li, X.Q. Zhou, H.W. Zhao, M.K. Shao, N. Li, S.Z. Zhang, Y.M. Du, IEEE-ASME Trans. Mechatron. 22, 541 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Y. Lu, H. Tang, S. Fung, Q. Wang, J.M. Tsai, M. Daneman, B.E. Boser, D.A. Horsley, Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 263503 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. K.R. Kumar, S. Narayanan, Smart Mater. Struct. 17, 055008 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. M.J. Johnson, D.R. Boris, T.B. Petrova, S.G. Walton, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 47, 434 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Z. Ramshani, M.J. Johnson, M.Z. Atashbar, D.B. Go, Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 044103 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. H.C. Xiong, L.B. Wang, Appl. Energy 174, 101 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. P. Laitinen, J. Mawnpaa, (HAVE 2006) https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4062546

  10. Y. Seo, D. Corona, N.A. Hall, Sens. Actuators A-Phys. 264, 341 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. T. Ibn-Mohammed, S.C.L. Koh, I.M. Reaney, A. Acquaye, D. Wang, S. Taylor, A. Genovese, Energy Environ. Sci. 9, 3495 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. E. Ringgaard, T. Wurlitzer, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 25, 2701 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. S.H. Park, C.W. Ahn, S. Nahm, J.S. Song, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2(43), L1072 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. A.J. Bell, O. Deubzer, MRS Bull. 43, 581 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. P.K. Panda, B. Sahoo, Ferroelectrics 474, 128 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Koruza, A.J. Bell, T. Frömling, K.G. Webber, K. Wang, J. Rödel, J. Materiomics 4, 13 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. H.G. Wei, H. Wang, Y.J. Xia, D.P. Cui, Y.P. Shi, M.Y. Dong, C.T. Liu, T. Ding, J.X. Zhang, Y. Ma, N. Wang, Z.C. Wang, Y. Sun, R.B. Wei, Z.H. Guo, J. Mater. Chem. C 6, 12446 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. M.X. Zhou, R.H. Liang, Z.Y. Zhou, S.G. Yan, X.L. Dong, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6, 12755 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. W.F. Liu, X.B. Ren, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 257602 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Y.R. Cui, X.Y. Liu, M.H. Jiang, X.Y. Zhao, X. Shan, W.H. Li, C.L. Yuan, C.R. Zhou, Ceram. Int. 38, 4761 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. X.M. Chen, X.Z. Ruan, K.Y. Zhao, X.Q. He, J.T. Zeng, Y.S. Li, L.Y. Zheng, C.H. Park, G.R. Li, J. Alloys Compd. 632, 103 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. X.L. Chao, J.J. Wang, P.F. Liang, T. Zhang, L.L. Wei, Z.P. Yang, Mater. Des. 89, 465 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. X. Liu, Z.H. Chen, B.J. Fang, J.N. Ding, X.Y. Zhao, H.Q. Xu, H.S. Luo, J. Alloys Compd. 640, 128 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. J.G. Hao, W.F. Bai, W. Li, J.W. Zhai, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 95, 1998 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. W. Jo, R. Dittmer, M. Acosta, J.D. Zang, C. Groh, E. Sapper, K. Wang, J. Rodel, J. Electroceram. 29, 71 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. K.N. Pham, A. Hussain, C.W. Ahn, I.W. Kim, S.J. Jeong, J.S. Lee, Mater. Lett. 64, 2219 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. W.F. Bai, P. Li, L.Y. Li, J.J. Zhang, B. Shen, J.W. Zhai, J. Alloys Compd. 649, 772 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. L.L. Li, J.G. Hao, Z.J. Xu, W. Li, R.Q. Chu, Mater. Lett. 184, 152 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. P. Li, B.H. Liu, B. Shen, J.W. Zhai, L.Y. Li, H.R. Zeng, Ceram. Int. 43, 1008 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. C. Wang, X.J. Lou, T.D. Xia, S.T. Tian, Ceram. Int. 43, 9253 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. A. Hussain, C.W. Ahn, J.S. Lee, A. Ullah, I.W. Kim, Sens. Actuators A-Phys. 158, 84 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. R.A. Malik, J.K. Kang, A. Hussain, C.W. Ahn, H.S. Han, J.S. Lee, Appl. Phys. Express 7, 061502 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. J.U. Rahman, A. Hussain, A. Maqbool, G.H. Ryu, T.K. Song, W.J. Kim, M.H. Kim, J. Alloys Compd. 593, 97 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. F.F. Wang, M. Xu, Y.X. Tang, T. Wang, W.Z. Shi, C.M. Leung, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 95, 1955 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. H.B. Lee, D.J. Heo, R.A. Malik, C.H. Yoon, H.S. Han, J.S. Lee, Ceram. Int. 39, S705 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. W.F. Bai, D.Q. Chen, Y.W. Huang, P. Zheng, J.S. Zhong, M.Y. Ding, Y.J. Yuan, B. Shen, J.W. Zhai, Z.G. Ji, Ceram. Int. 42, 7669 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. A. Hussain, J.U. Rahman, A. Zaman, R.A. Malik, J.S. Kim, T.K. Song, W.J. Kim, M.H. Kim, Mater. Chem. Phys. 143, 1282 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. E.A. Patterson, D.P. Cann, J. Pokorny, I.M. Reaney, J. Appl. Phys. 111, 094105 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. R.A. Malik, A. Hussain, J.U. Rahman, A. Maqbool, T.K. Song, W.J. Kim, S.Y. Ryou, M.H. Kim, Mater. Lett. 143, 148 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. H.B. Zhang, C. Groh, Q. Zhang, W. Jo, K.G. Webber, J. Roedel, Adv. Electron. Mater. 1, 1500018 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. J.H. Kim, D.H. Kim, I.T. Seo, J. Hur, J.H. Lee, B.Y. Kim, S. Nahm, Sens. Actuators A-Phys. 234, 9 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. J.H. Kim, D.H. Kim, T.H. Lee, T.G. Lee, J.H. Lee, B.Y. Kim, S. Nahm, C.Y. Kang, J. Ryu, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 99, 4031 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. J.H. Lee, D.H. Kim, I.T. Seo, J.H. Kim, J.S. Park, J. Ryu, S.H. Han, B.Y. Jang, S. Nahm, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 99, 938 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. L. Wang, Z.Y. Zhou, X.B. Zhao, Z. Liu, R.H. Liang, X.L. Dong, Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 102904 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Y.J. Dai, Y.J. Zhao, Z. Zhao, Z.H. Zhao, Q.W. Zhou, X.W. Zhang, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 49, 275303 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Z.Y. Feng, X.B. Ren, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 032904 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. M. Suzuki, H. Nagata, J. Ohara, H. Funakubo, T. Takenaka, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1(42), 6090 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. H. Nagata, Y. Hiruma, M. Suzuki, T. Takenaka, Electron. Commun. Jpn. 91, 39 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. C.M. Wang, S.J. Zhang, J.F. Wang, M.L. Zhao, C.L. Wang, Mater. Chem. Phys. 118, 21 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. H. Nagata, M. Itagaki, T. Takenaka, Ferroelectrics 286, 807 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. C.M. Wang, J.F. Wang, Z.G. Gai, Scr. Mater. 57, 789 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. C.M. Wang, J.F. Wang, S.J. Zhang, T.R. Shrout, J. Appl. Phys. 105, 094110 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. R. Aoyagi, H. Takeda, S. Okamura, T. Shiosaki, Mater. Sci. Eng. B-Solid 116, 156 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. B.T. Matthias, J.P. Remeika, Phys. Rev. 82, 727 (1951)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. G. Shirane, R. Newnham, R. Pepinsky, Phys. Rev. 96, 581 (1954)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. L. Egerton, D.M. Dillon, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 47, 482 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  57. R.H. Dungan, R.D. Golding, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 48, 601 (1965)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. B. Jaffe, Piezoelectric Ceramics (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2012), pp. 193–194

    Google Scholar 

  59. M. Ahtee, A.M. Glazer, Acta Crystallogr. A 32, 434 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. M. Ahtee, A.M. Glazer, Ferroelectrics 7, 93 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. L. Wu, J.L. Zhang, C.L. Wang, J.C. Li, J. Appl. Phys. 103, 084116 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. R.Z. Zuo, J. Rodel, R.Z. Chen, L.T. Li, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 89, 2010 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Q. Zhang, B.P. Zhang, H.T. Li, P.P. Shang, Rare Met. 29, 220 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. J. Bernard, A. Bencan, T. Rojac, J. Holc, B. Malic, M. Kosec, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 91, 2409 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Y. Saito, H. Takao, T. Tani, T. Nonoyama, K. Takatori, T. Homma, T. Nagaya, M. Nakamura, Nature 432, 84 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. I.T. Seo, H.Y. Park, N. Van Dung, M.K. Choi, S. Nahm, H.G. Lee, B.H. Choi, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. 56, 2337 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. H.Y. Park, C.W. Ahn, H.C. Song, J.H. Lee, S. Nahm, K. Uchino, H.G. Lee, H.J. Lee, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 062906 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. S. Sasikumar, R. Saravanan, J. Electron. Mater. 46, 4187 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Y.P. Guo, K. Kakimoto, H. Ohsato, Solid State Commun. 129, 279 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. C.W. Ahn, H.C. Song, S. Nahm, S.H. Park, K. Uchino, S. Priya, H.G. Lee, N.K. Kang, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44, L1361 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. G.Z. Zang, J.F. Wang, H.C. Chen, W.B. Su, C.M. Wang, P. Qi, B.Q. Ming, J. Du, L.M. Zheng, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 212908 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. H.C. Song, K.H. Cho, H.Y. Park, C.W. Ahn, S. Nahm, K. Uchino, S.H. Park, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1812 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. H.Y. Park, K.H. Cho, D.S. Paik, S. Nahm, H.G. Lee, D.H. Kim, J. Appl. Phys. 102, 124101 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. N. Klein, E. Hollenstein, D. Damjanovic, H.J. Trodahl, N. Setter, M. Kuball, J. Appl. Phys. 102, 014112 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. J.G. Wu, D.Q. Xiao, Y.Y. Wang, J.G. Zhu, L. Wu, Y.H. Jiang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 252907 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. R.Z. Zuo, X.S. Fang, C. Ye, L.T. Li, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 2424 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. C.W. Ahn, C.H. Choi, H.Y. Park, S. Nahm, S. Priya, J. Mater. Sci. 43, 6784 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. J.L. Zhang, X.J. Zong, L. Wu, Y. Gao, P. Zheng, S.F. Shao, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 022909 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. L.M. Jiang, Z. Tan, L.X. Xie, Y.Y. Li, J. Xing, J.G. Wu, Q. Chen, D.Q. Xiao, J.G. Zhu, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 38, 2335 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. R.Z. Zuo, C. Ye, X.S. Fang, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46, 6733 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. R.P. Wang, H. Bando, T. Katsumata, Y. Inaguma, H. Taniguchi, M. Itoh, Phys. Status Solidi-R 3, 142 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. R.Z. Zuo, J.A. Fu, D.Y. Lv, Y. Liu, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 93, 2783 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. W.F. Liang, W.J. Wu, D.Q. Xiao, J.G. Zhu, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 94, 4317 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. J.G. Wu, H. Tao, Y. Yuan, X. Lv, X.J. Wang, X.J. Lou, RSC Adv. 5, 14575 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. R.Z. Zuo, J. Fu, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 94, 1467 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. B.Y. Zhang, J.G. Wu, X.J. Cheng, X.P. Wang, D.Q. Xiao, J.G. Zhu, X.J. Wang, X.J. Lou, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 7718 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. J. Zushi, T. Ariizumi, S. Kojima, R.P. Wang, H. Bando, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 52, 07HB02 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. X.P. Wang, J.G. Wu, D.Q. Xiao, X.J. Cheng, T. Zheng, X.J. Lou, B.Y. Zhang, J.G. Zhu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 6177 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. T. Zheng, J.G. Wu, X.J. Cheng, X.P. Wang, B.Y. Zhang, D.Q. Xiao, J.G. Zhu, X.J. Loub, X.J. Wang, Dalton Trans. 43, 11759 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. X.P. Wang, J.G. Wu, D.Q. Xiao, J.G. Zhu, X.J. Cheng, T. Zheng, B.Y. Zhang, X.J. Lou, X.J. Wang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 2905 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. B. Wu, H.J. Wu, J.G. Wu, D.Q. Xiao, J.G. Zhu, S.J. Pennycook, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 15459 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. J. Xing, Z. Tan, L.M. Jiang, Q. Chen, J.G. Wu, W. Zhang, D.Q. Xiao, J.G. Zhu, J. Appl. Phys. 119, 034101 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. K. Xu, J. Li, X. Lv, J.G. Wu, X.X. Zhang, D.Q. Xiao, J.G. Zhu, Adv. Mater. 28, 8519 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. T. Zheng, H.J. Wu, Y. Yuan, X. Lv, Q. Li, T.L. Men, C. Zhao, D.Q. Xiao, J.G. Wu, K. Wang, J.F. Li, Y.L. Gu, J. Zhu, S.J. Pennycook, Energy Environ. Sci. 10, 528 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. K.T. Lee, D.H. Kim, J.S. Park, T.G. Lee, S.H. Cho, S.J. Park, J.Y. Kang, S. Nahm, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 100, 4827 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. K.T. Lee, D.H. Kim, S.H. Cho, J.S. Kim, J. Ryu, C.W. Ahn, T.H. Lee, G.H. Kim, S. Nahm, J. Alloys Compd. 784, 1334 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. D.H. Kim, T.G. Lee, S.H. Cho, K.T. Lee, T.H. Lee, Y.W. Hong, C.H. Hong, J.S. Kim, S. Nahm, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 101, 3997 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. T.G. Lee, S.H. Cho, D.H. Kim, H.G. Hwang, K.T. Lee, C.H. Hong, Y.W. Hong, K.H. Chae, J.W. Choi, J.S. Kim, S. Nahm, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 39, 973 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. K.T. Lee, T.G. Lee, S.W. Kim, S.J. Chae, E.J. Kim, J.S. Kim, J.W. Choi, S. Nahm, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.16503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. H.Y. Park, J.Y. Choi, M.K. Choi, K.H. Cho, S. Nahm, H.G. Lee, H.W. Kang, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 91, 2374 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. S.J. Park, H.Y. Park, K.H. Cho, S. Nahm, H.G. Lee, D.H. Kim, B.H. Choi, Mater. Res. Bull. 43, 3580 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. H.Y. Park, C.W. Ahn, K.H. Cho, S. Nahm, H.G. Lee, H.W. Kang, D.H. Kim, K.S. Park, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 4066 (2007)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. I.T. Seo, K.H. Cho, H.Y. Park, S.J. Park, M.K. Choi, S. Nahm, H.G. Lee, H.W. Kang, H.J. Lee, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 91, 3955 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. I.Y. Kang, I.T. Seo, Y.J. Cha, J.H. Choi, S. Nahm, T.H. Sung, J.H. Paik, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 32, 2381 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. X.M. Pang, J.H. Qiu, K.J. Zhu, J.Z. Du, J. Mater. Sci-Mater. Electron. 23, 1083 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. J. Fu, R.Z. Zuo, H. Qi, C. Zhang, J.F. Li, L.T. Li, Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 242903 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. T.G. Lee, H.J. Lee, D.H. Kim, H. Xu, S.J. Park, J.S. Park, S. Nahm, C.Y. Kang, S.J. Yoon, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 36, 4049 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nano Bio Information Technology, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 141 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea

    Tae-Gon Lee & Sahn Nahm

  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 141 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea

    Sahn Nahm

Authors
  1. Tae-Gon Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sahn Nahm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sahn Nahm.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lee, TG., Nahm, S. Review of Sintering Technologies, Structural Characteristics, and Piezoelectric Properties of NKN-Based Lead-Free Ceramics. Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 20, 385–402 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42341-019-00134-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42341-019-00134-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation