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Analysis and simulation of the water and energy balance of intense agriculture in the Upper Rhine valley, south-west Germany

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Abstract

The Upper Rhine valley (SW Germany) belongs to one of the agriculturally most intense used regions in Germany. Climatic favourable conditions with mild winters, early springs and warm autumns lead to long vegetation periods and high agricultural productivity. One limiting factor is the water supply because of a negative annual climatic water balance, which has been increasing by −10 mm per decade in the last 50 years to −150 mm at present. Thus irrigation measures become more and more important for agricultural production in this region. Aim of this study was to measure and simulate water and energy fluxes on farm level in respect to the effects of irrigation measures in a region where farm sizes are small and diversity of land use high. In future these results will be used to conduct studies of energy and water fluxes on spatial scale (e.g. water catchments). The dynamics of the water and energy balance was observed with micrometeorological measurements using the eddy covariance methodology. Our investigation area had a size of about 6.5 ha and was cultivated with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Continuous measurements of all components of the water and energy balance as well as the vegetation specific-parameters, such as LAI, crop height and phenological macrostages, were conducted during the growing season which lasted from the beginning of April to 16 July 2014 (95 days). Additional irrigation was applied three times in this period by using a mobile sprinkler irrigation system. The observed dynamics were simulated with the physically based hydrological model TRAIN, which uses the Penman–Monteith approach for evapotranspiration simulation. Model efficiency was evaluated with Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (NS). The TRAIN model was performing the simulations well with an r 2 = 0.72 with an slope of 1 and a NS = 0.77.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the farmer Mr. Welk for his comprehensive support and his circumspection with the monitoring system. Further we gratefully acknowledge the support from the Federal Department for Environment, Water Management and Trade Control of Rhineland Palatinate (LUWG) with equipment and data as part of the project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, Professorship in Hydrology and Climatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

    Matthias Stork & Lucas Menzel

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  1. Matthias Stork
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  2. Lucas Menzel
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Correspondence to Matthias Stork.

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This article is part of a Topical Collection in Environmental Earth Sciences on “Water in Germany”, guest edited by Daniel Karthe, Peter Chifflard, Bernd Cyffka, Lucas Menzel, Heribert Nacken, Uta Raeder, Mario Sommerhäuser and Markus Weiler.

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Stork, M., Menzel, L. Analysis and simulation of the water and energy balance of intense agriculture in the Upper Rhine valley, south-west Germany. Environ Earth Sci 75, 1166 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5980-z

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