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Outbreeding Depression in Atlantic Salmon Revealed by Hypoxic Stress During Embryonic Development

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Abstract

The fitness consequences of outbreeding in wild populations are extremely variable. Heterosis and outbreeding depression can both be observed but the effect of environmental stressors on the occurrence of these phenomena is still poorly understood. We tested the influence of oxygen stress during embryonic development on consequences of outbreeding in wild populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We used a common garden experiment and performed crosses within and between salmon populations to study performances of embryos reared under normal and hypoxic conditions. We detected both heterosis and outbreeding depression depending on traits but irrespective of divergence between parental populations. Nevertheless, outbreeding depression was observed almost exclusively under hypoxic conditions and prevailed over heterosis regarding survival during the whole embryonic development. Notably, the post-hatching survival of all between population crosses was approximately 15 % lower than the survival of within-population crosses under hypoxic conditions. Different hypoxia reaction norms for post-hatching survival, length and time to hatch were also noticed among within and between populations crosses further indicating outbreeding depression. These results demonstrate that consequences of outbreeding can dramatically vary depending on environmental conditions with outbreeding depression being possibly stronger under stressful conditions.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the following colleagues from INRA ‘Unité Expérimentale d’Ecologie et d’Ecotoxicologie Aquatique’ for their help during experiments: D. Azam, P. Delaunay, A. Gallard, N. Jeannot, B. Joseph, C. Lacoste, F. Marchand, A. Quémeneur, C. Saget and J. Tremblay. We are also grateful to the following people who helped to capture Atlantic salmon or provided environmental data on the rivers studied: A. Baisez, D. Balestin, A. Bardonnet, D. Barracou, E. Bussy, R. Delanoë, P. Etchécopar, P. Gaudin, Y. Guilloux, M. Hoffman, D. Huteau, F. Lange, C. Lousto, Y. Moulia, P. Martin, Y. Moello, E. Prévost, J. Rancon and V. Vauclin. We thank S. Blanchet, P. David, D. Fraser and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments on a previous draft of the manuscript. SLC was supported by a Grant from Plan Loire Grandeur Nature (project no 34108) to GE.

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  1. INRA, UMR 985 Ecologie et Santé des Ecosystèmes, 35042, Rennes, France

    Jessica Côte, Jean-Marc Roussel, Sabrina Le Cam & Guillaume Evanno

  2. Agrocampus Ouest, UMR ESE, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042, Rennes, France

    Jessica Côte, Jean-Marc Roussel, Sabrina Le Cam & Guillaume Evanno

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  1. Jessica Côte
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Correspondence to Jessica Côte.

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Côte, J., Roussel, JM., Le Cam, S. et al. Outbreeding Depression in Atlantic Salmon Revealed by Hypoxic Stress During Embryonic Development. Evol Biol 41, 561–571 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-014-9289-0

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