Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Determination of the Frictional Properties of Titanium and Nickel Alloys Using the Digital Image Correlation Method

  • Published:
Experimental Mechanics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The paper describes experiments to investigate the frictional properties of a Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) and a Nickel alloy (Udimet 720) under representative engineering conditions. Flat fretting pads with rounded corners were clamped against a flat specimen and a servo-hydraulic tensile testing machine was used to apply cyclic displacement to the specimen. Slip displacement between the specimen and pad was measured remotely using an LVDT and locally using digital image correlation. The latter approach allowed accurate determination of the tangential contact stiffness from frictional hysteresis loops. The results obtained show that the contacts are significantly less stiff than would be predicted by a smooth elastic contact analysis. A finite element model of the experimental contact geometry was constructed and it was shown that good agreement with the experimental measurements of contact stiffness can be obtained with a suitable choice of elastic modulus for a compliant surface layer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Blades are frequently fitted into the disks of a gas turbine so that they can be easily removed in the event of damage or if one component becomes life-expired. The joint takes the form of a male and female wedges and is referred to as a ‘dovetail’ (after the similar joint in carpentry). A multiple lobe geometry is referred to as a ‘firtree’ joint, and this is sometimes used where insufficient strength is obtained with a dovetail.

  2. Some contact occurs on the rounded parts of the pad profile, so that the actual contact area is slightly larger than 80 mm2

  3. It would, of course, have been possible to write a script to identify the relevant point in the loops, but it would have been necessary to make this sufficiently robust to cope with different shapes of loop in the region close to the onset of sliding. Overall it was decided that it was simpler in this case to examine the loops manually.

References

  1. Hills DA, Nowell D (1994) Mechanics of fretting fatigue. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  2. Dobromirski JM (1992) Variables of fretting process: are there 50 of them? In: Helmi Attia M, Waterhouse RB (eds) Standardization of fretting fatigue test methods and equipment, ASTM STP 1159. American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp 60–66

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Amontons G (1699) De la résistance causée dans les machines. Mémoires de l’Académie Royale A, 257–282

  4. Coulomb CA (1785) Théorie des machines simples, en eyant égard au frottement de leurs parties et a la roideur des cordages. Mémoires de Mathématique et de Physique de l’Académie Royale, 161–342

  5. Cattaneo C (1938) Sul Contatto di due Corpi Elastici: Distribuzione Locale Degli Sforzi. Accademia dei Lincei, Rendiconti 27(6):342–348

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. Mindlin RD (1949) Compliance of elastic bodies in contact. ASME J Appl Mech 16:259–268

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Johnson KL (1985) Contact mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Mindlin RD (1951) Influence of rotatory inertia and shear on flexural motions of isotropic elastic plates. J Appl Mech 18:31–38

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Petrov EP, Ewins DJ (2006) Effects of damping and varying contact area at blade-disk joints in forced response analysis of bladed disk assemblies. Trans ASME: J Turbomachinery 128(2):403–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Fridrici V, Fouvry S, Kapsa P, Perruchaut P (2005) Prediction of cracking in Ti–6Al–4V alloy under fretting-wear: use of the SWT criterion. Wear 259:300–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Ding J, Bandak G, Leen SB, Williams EJ, Shipway PH (2009) Experimental characterization and numerical simulation of contact evolution effect on fretting crack nucleation for Ti–6Al–4V. Tribol Int 42:1651–1662

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Mohd Tobi AL, Ding J, Bandak G, Leen SB, Shipway PH (2009) A study on the interaction between fretting wear and cyclic plasticity for Ti–6Al–4V. Wear 267:270–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Everitt NM, Ding J, Bandak G, Shipway PH, Leen SB, Williams EJ (2009) Characterisation of fretting-induced wear debris for Ti-6Al-4V. Wear 267:283–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Ding J, McColl IR, Leen SB, Shipway PH (2007) A finite element based approach to simulating the effects of debris on fretting wear. Wear 263:481–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Jin O, Mall S (2002) Influence of contact configuration on fretting fatigue behavior of Ti–6Al–4V under independent pad displacement condition. Int J Fatigue 24:1243–1253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Filippi S, Akay A, Gola MM (2004) Measurement of tangential contact hysteresis during microslip. J Tribol 126(3):482–489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Alicona IFM manual (2008) Alicona Imaging GmbH, Grambach, Austria

  18. TiMetal 6-4 datasheet (2000) TMC-0150, Titanium Metals Corporatiou, Hartford, CT, USA

  19. Special Metals Corporation (2004) publication No. SMC-106, Special Metals Corporation, Huntington, WV, USA

  20. Kim K, Korsunsky AM (2008) Exponential evolution law of fretting wear damage in low-friction coatings for aerospace components. Surf Coat Technol 202:5838–5846

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Kim K (2006) Investigation of fretting wear and fretting fatigue of coated systems, D.Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford, UK

  22. PixeLink: Data Sheet, Pixelink PL-B741U USB Mono Camera, Ottawa, Canada www.pixelink.com

  23. Questar Corporation: Specification Sheet, Questar QM1 Long-Distance Microscope, New Hope, PA, USA. www.QuestarCorporation.com

  24. Hild F, Roux S (2006) Digital image correlation: from displacement measurement to identification of elastic properties—a review. Strain 42(2):69–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Strain Master Commercial Software, LaVision. (http://www.lavision.de/)

  26. Stanislas M, Kompenhans J, Westerweel J (2000) Particle image velocimetry: progress towards industrial application. Kluwer, Dordrecht

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. Fincham AM, Spedding GR (1997) Low cost, high resolution DPIV for measurement of turbulent fluid flow. Exp Fluids 23:449–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. ABAQUS user’s manual v6.7

  29. Sevostianov I, Kachanov M (2008) Contact of rough surfaces: a simple model for elasticity, conductivity and cross-property connections. J Mech Phys Solid 56:1380–1400

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  30. Berthoud P, Baumberger T (1998) Shear stiffness of a solid-solid multicontact interface. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 454:1615–1634

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council in the UK (EPSRC) under grant reference EP/E058337/1, “A Predictive Approach to Modelling Frictional Joint Performance (PAMFJP)”. They would also like to thank Rolls-Royce plc for supporting the experimental programme by supplying specimen material. Finally thanks are due to our collaborators at Imperial College: Dr. D Dini; Dr A.V. Olver; and Prof. D.J. Ewins for useful discussion of the results presented here.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK

    M. E. Kartal, D. M. Mulvihill, D. Nowell & D. A. Hills

Authors
  1. M. E. Kartal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. M. Mulvihill
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. D. Nowell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. D. A. Hills
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. Nowell.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kartal, M.E., Mulvihill, D.M., Nowell, D. et al. Determination of the Frictional Properties of Titanium and Nickel Alloys Using the Digital Image Correlation Method. Exp Mech 51, 359–371 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-010-9366-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-010-9366-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation