Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Advance of antithrombotic treatment in patients with cerebral microbleed

  • Published:
Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

With the elder proportion increasing and the antithrombotic agents widely using as well as the newly magnetic resonance imaging sequence emerging, the detection rate of cerebral microbleed (CMB) is gradually raising in recent years. As we all know that CMB mainly reflects the severity of deeply small vessel lesions, which predicts hemorrhagic transformation. Whereby, to some patients with both CMB and remarkable antithrombotic indication, treatment becomes a dilemma. We have to face the challenge of weighing the pros and cons of both drug indication and bleeding risk when making a proper decision for patients. This study summarized recent advance on CMB diagnosis and treatment, to provide a useful reference to physicians in their clinical practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

CMB:

Cerebral microbleed

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

SWI:

Sensitivity-weighted image

T2*GRE:

T2* gradient echo

sICH:

Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage

CAA:

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy

References

  1. Wu Y, Chen T (2016) An up-to-date review on cerebral microbleeds. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 25:1301–1306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.03.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Mazurek M, Papuc E, Rejdak K (2018) Brain microbleeds: definition, pathophysiology and the consequences. Wiad Lek 71:408–412

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Charidimou A, Turc G, Oppenheim C, Yan S, Scheitz JF, Erdur H et al (2017) Microbleeds, cerebral hemorrhage, and functional outcome after stroke thrombolysis. Stroke 48:2084–2090. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.012992

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Baykara E, Gesierich B, Adam R, Tuladhar AM, Biesbroek JM, Koek HL et al (2016) A novel imaging marker for small vessel disease based on skeletonization of white matter tracts and diffusion histograms. Ann Neurol 80:581–592. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24758

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wardlaw JM, Smith EE, Biessels GJ, Cordonnier C, Fazekas F, Frayne R et al (2013) Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol 12:822–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70124-8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Charidimou A, Shams S, Romero JR, Ding J, Veltkamp R, Horstmann S et al (2018) Clinical significance of cerebral microbleeds on MRI: a comprehensive meta-analysis of risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, mortality, and dementia in cohort studies (v1). Int J Stroke 13:454–468. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493017751931

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Poels MM, Ikram MA, van der Lugt A, Hofman A, Krestin GP, Breteler MM et al (2011) Incidence of cerebral microbleeds in the general population: the Rotterdam scan study. Stroke 42:656–661. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.607184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Charidimou A, Boulouis G, Shams S, Calvet D, Shoamanesh A (2017) Intracerebral haemorrhage risk in microbleed-positive ischaemic stroke patients with atrial fibrillation: preliminary meta-analysis of cohorts and anticoagulation decision schema. J Neurol Sci 378:102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2017.04.042

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Han F, Zhai FF, Wang Q, Zhou LX, Ni J, Yao M et al (2018) Prevalence and risk factors of cerebral small vessel disease in a Chinese population-based sample. J Stroke 20:239–246. https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2017.02110

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Yubi T, Hata J, Ohara T, Mukai N, Hirakawa Y, Yoshida D et al (2018) Prevalence of and risk factors for cerebral microbleeds in a general Japanese elderly community. Neurol Clin Pract 8:223–231. https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000464

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Cordonnier C, Al-Shahi SR, Wardlaw J (2007) Spontaneous brain microbleeds: systematic review, subgroup analyses and standards for study design and reporting. Brain 130:1988–2003. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl387

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Vernooij MW, Haag MD, van der Lugt A, Hofman A, Krestin GP, Stricker BH et al (2009) Use of antithrombotic drugs and the presence of cerebral microbleeds: the Rotterdam scan study. Arch Neurol 66:714–720. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2009.42

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Naka H, Nomura E, Kitamura J, Imamura E, Wakabayashi S, Matsumoto M (2013) Antiplatelet therapy as a risk factor for microbleeds in intracerebral hemorrhage patients: analysis using specific antiplatelet agents. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 22:834–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.06.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Liu S, Li C (2015) Antiplatelet drug use and cerebral microbleeds: a meta-analysis of published studies. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 24:2236–2244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.05.022

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Wang DN, Hou XW, Yang BW, Lin Y, Shi JP, Wang N (2015) Quantity of cerebral microbleeds, antiplatelet therapy, and intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 24:2728–2737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.08.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Charidimou A, Karayiannis C, Song TJ, Orken DN, Thijs V, Lemmens R et al (2017) Brain microbleeds, anticoagulation, and hemorrhage risk: meta-analysis in stroke patients with AF. Neurology 89:2317–2326. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000004704

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Cheng Y, Wang Y, Song Q, Qiu K, Liu M (2019) Use of anticoagulant therapy and cerebral microbleeds: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09572-x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Liang Y, Song Q, Jiao Y, Lin J, Qu H, Zhao S et al (2018) Cerebral microbleeds and the safety of anticoagulation in ischemic stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neuropharmacol 41:202–209. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000306

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lioutas VA, Goyal N, Katsanos AH, Krogias C, Zand R, Sharma VK et al (2019) Microbleed prevalence and burden in anticoagulant-associated intracerebral bleed. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 6:1546–1551. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.50834

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Orken DN, Uysal E, Timer E, Kuloglu-Pazarci N, Mumcu S, Forta H (2013) New cerebral microbleeds in ischemic stroke patients on warfarin treatment: two-year follow-up. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 115:1682–1685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.03.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Yokoyama M, Mizuma A, Terao T, Tanaka F, Nishiyama K, Hasegawa Y et al (2019) Effectiveness of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and warfarin for preventing further cerebral microbleeds in acute ischemic stroke patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and at least one microbleed: CMB-NOW multisite pilot trial. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 28:1918–1925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.03.050

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Hori S, Hori E, Shibata T, Umemura K, Okamoto S, Kubo M et al (2019) Correlation between cerebral microbleeds and vulnerable plaque in patients with severe carotid artery stenosis; comparative magnetic resonance imaging study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 28:104300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.07.016

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Soo YO, Siu DY, Abrigo J, Yu S, Ng N, Ahuja AT et al (2012) Risk of intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with cerebral microbleeds undergoing endovascular intervention. Stroke 43:1532–1536. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.626853

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gao Y, Nie K, Duan Z, Wang S, Ma G, Zhang X et al (2019) A follow-up study of cerebral microbleeds in patients who received stents for symptomatic cerebral artery stenosis. Ann Vasc Surg 58:338–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2018.11.031

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Seet RC, Rabinstein AA (2012) Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage following intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: a critical review of case definitions. Cerebrovasc Dis 34:106–114. https://doi.org/10.1159/000339675

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Zand R, Tsivgoulis G, Singh M, Mccormack M, Goyal N, Ishfaq MF et al (2017) Cerebral microbleeds and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage post intravenous thrombolysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 26:538–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.11.127

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Arca KN, Demaerschalk BM, Almader-Douglas D, Wingerchuk DM, O’Carroll CB (2019) Does high cerebral microbleed burden increase the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage after intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke? Neurologist 24:40–43. https://doi.org/10.1097/NRL.0000000000000228

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kelly AG, Holloway RG (2018) Guideline: the AHA/ASA made 217 recommendations for early management of acute ischemic stroke in adults. Ann Intern Med 168:C63. https://doi.org/10.7326/ACPJC-2018-168-12-063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K et al (2018) Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000158

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Al-Shahi SR, Minks DP, Mitra D, Rodrigues MA, Bhatnagar P, du Plessis JC et al (2019) Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol. 18:643–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30184-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all doctors who participated in this study for their cooperation.

Funding

This study was sponsored by the National Key R&D Program (2017YFC1308401), the National Natural Science Foundation (81371289, 81660209) and the Project of Beijing Municipal Top Talent of Healthy Work (2014-2-015) of China.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

RM: manuscript drafting and revision, and study concept and design. ZC: manuscript drafting and revision, study concept and design, collection, assembly, and interpretation of the study.XY,YD and XJ: deeply edited the revised version and contributed critical revision.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ran Meng.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare there is no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, Z., Ding, Y., Ji, X. et al. Advance of antithrombotic treatment in patients with cerebral microbleed. J Thromb Thrombolysis 51, 530–535 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02213-5

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02213-5

Keywords

Navigation