Skip to main content
Log in

Process-Induced Deformation of L-Shaped Laminates: Analysis of Tool–Part Interaction

  • Published:
Mechanics of Composite Materials Aims and scope

During the curing process of thermoset composites, residual stresses inevitably develop in them and lead to their curing deformation after the manufacturing process. This work was aimed at investigating the effect of tool–part interaction and bending stiffness on the curing deformation of L-shaped composite structures. Therefore, a twostep calculation model was developed. It consists of a numerical model to capture the residual stress due to the tool–part interaction and a viscoelastic model considering the anisotropic material properties. Calculation results were compared with experimental data, and a good agreement was found to exist between them.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. L. Na, et al, “A new process control method for microwave curing of carbon-fibre-reinforced composites in aerospace applications,” Composites: Pt. B, 122, 61-70 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. J. M. Svanberg and J. A. Holmberg, “An experimental investigation on mechanisms for manufacturing induced shape distortions in homogeneous and balanced laminates,” Composites: Pt. A, 32, 827-838 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. K. Cinar et al., “Effect of residual stress on the bending response of L-shaped composite laminates,” Compos. Struct., 246, 112425 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. E. Zappino et al., “Analysis of process-induced deformations and residual stresses in curved composite parts considering transverse shear stress and thickness stretching,” Compos. Struct, 241, 112057 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. C. Bellini and L. Sorrentino, “Analysis of cure induced deformation of CFRP U-shaped laminates,” Compos. Struct, 197, 1-9 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. D. W. Radford and T. S. Rennick, “Separating sources of manufacturing distortion in laminated composites,” J. of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 19, 621-641 (2000).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. P. Causse, E. Ruiz and T. François, “Spring-in behavior of curved composites manufactured by flexible injection,” Composites: Pt. A, 43, 1901-1913 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. C. Albert and G. Fernlund, “Spring-in and warpage of angled composite laminates,” Compos. Sci. Technol., 62, 1895-1912 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. C. Bellini, et al, “Spring-in analysis of CFRP thin laminates: numerical and experimental data,” Compos Struct, 193,17-24 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Z. Yuan et al., “An analytical model on across-the-thickness stresses and warpage of composite laminates due to tool–part interaction,”Composites: Pt. B, 91, 408-413 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. A. R. A. Arafath, R. Vaziri, and A. Poursartip, “Closed-form solution for process-induced stresses and deformation of a composite part cured on a solid tool: Part I -Flat geometries,” Composites: Pt. A, 39, 1106-1117 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. G. Twigg, A. Poursartip, and G. Fernlund, “Tool–part interaction in composites processing. Part I: experimental investigation and analytical model,” Composites: Pt. A, 35, 121-133 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. D. W. Radford, “Balancing mechanisms of distortion to yield distortion-free/shape stable composites,” J. of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 29,1875-1892 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. M. R. Wisnom, K. D. Potter, and N. Ersoy, “Shear-lag analysis of the effect of thickness on spring-in of curved composites,” J. Compos. Mater., 41, 1311-1324 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. A. R. A. Arafath, R. Vaziri, and A. Poursartip, “Closed-form solution for process-induced stresses and deformation of a composite part cured on a solid tool: Part II - Curved geometries,” Composites: Pt. A, 40, 1545-1557 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. K. Takagaki, S. Minakuchi, and N. Takeda, “Process-induced strain and distortion in curved composites. Part I: Development of fiber-optic strain monitoring technique and analytical methods,” Composites: Pt. A, 103, 236-251 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. K. Takagaki, S. Minakuchi, and N. Takeda, “Process-induced strain and distortion in curved composites. Part II: Parametric study and application,” Composites: Pt. A, 103, 219-229 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. A. Ding et al.,“ A new analytical solution for cure-induced spring-in of L-shaped composite parts,” Compos. Sci. Technol., 171, 1-12 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. C. Liu and Y. Shi, “A thermoviscoelastic analytical model for residual stresses and spring-in angles of multilayered thin-walled curved composite parts,”Thin-Walled Structures, 152, 106758 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. G. C. Pereira et al., “Spring-back behavior on L-shaped composite structures: A statistical analysis of angular recovery as a function of time and residual cure,” Composites: Pt. A, 124, 105491 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. R. D. Oliveira, et al, “Experimental investigation of the effect of the mould thermal expansion on the development of internal stresses during carbon fibre composite processing,” Composites: Pt. A, 39, 1083-1090 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. K. Cinar et al., “Modelling manufacturing deformations in corner sections made of composite materials,” J. Compos. Mater., 48, 799-813 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. X. Zeng and J. Raghavan, “Role of tool–part interaction in process-induced warpage of autoclave-manufactured composite structures,” Composites: Pt. A, 41, 1174-1183 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. L. Che et al., “Investigation of curing deformation behavior of curved fiber metal laminates,” Compos Struct, 232,111570 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. L. Mezeix et al., “Spring-back simulation of unidirectional carbon/epoxy flat laminate composite manufactured through autoclave process,” Compos. Struct., 124,196-205 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. G. Twigg, A. Poursartip, and G. Fernlund, “Tool–part interaction in composites processing. Part II: numerical modelling,” Composites: Pt. A, 35, 135-141 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. N. Ersoy et al., “An experimental method to study the frictional processes during composites manufacturing,” Composites: Pt. A, 36, 1536-1544 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Y. Zhen et al., “Evolution of curing residual stresses in composite using multi-scale method,” Composites, Pt. B, 155, 49-61 (2018).

  29. S. R. White and Y. K. Kim, “Process-induced residual stress analysis of AS4/3501-6 composite material,” Mech. Compos. Mater., 5, 153-186 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Y. K. Kim and S.R. White, “Stress relaxation behavior of 3501-6 epoxy resin during cure,” Polym. Eng. Sci., 36, 2852-2862 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. L. Xing et al., “A new stress-based multi-scale failure criterion of composites and its validation in open hole tension tests,” Chinese J. Aeronaut, 27, 1430-1441 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. R. Joven et al., “Characterization of shear stress at the tool–part interface during autoclave processing of prepreg composites,”J APPL POLYM SCI, 129, 2017-2028 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. E. Kappel, “A zone-based approach to predict process-induced distortions of composite structures based on a ‘spring-in reference curve,” Compos. Struct, 209, 143-149 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial supports by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (51575442, 51805430, 51805429) and the Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation (2019JQ-183).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Z. Yuan.

Additional information

Russian translation published in Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 1141-1162, November-December, 2020.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yuan, Z., Yang, G., Yang, Z. et al. Process-Induced Deformation of L-Shaped Laminates: Analysis of Tool–Part Interaction. Mech Compos Mater 56, 789–804 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11029-021-09924-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11029-021-09924-7

Keywords

Navigation